1705-1711. Joseph. His short reign was one flow of success. 1711-1740. Charles VI. The last prince of the House of Austria.

1713. The Peace of Utrecht.

1716. The Turks routed by Eugene in the bloody engagements of Peterwaradin and Belgrade.

1739. A disgraceful treaty of peace with the Turks: Prince Eugene died 1736.

1740, 1741. Maria Theresa (daughter of Charles VI.) was raised to the throne.-A formidable league was raised against her.

1742-1745. Charles VII., elector of Bavaria, obtained the

crown.

1745-1765. Francis I., (the husband of Maria Theresa) em

peror.

1756-1763. Seven years war against Frederick the Great of Prussia: ends in the peace of Paris.—Silesia was secured to Frederick.

1765-1790. Joseph II. His first work was a reform of the administration of justice, &c.

1773. The abolition of the order of Jesuits in his states. The partition of Poland, a measure which grieved Maria Theresa.

1781. Edict of toleration: greater liberty of the press. Suppression of all the mendicant orders: 624 monasteries deprived of their revenues.

Troubles in Belgium, and war with Turkey, disturbed the end of his reign.

(To compare Gregory VII., or Innocent III. and their

contemporaries, with Pius VI. at Vienna, before Joseph and his minister Kaunitz, suggests many reflections.)

1790-1792. Leopold II. War with France. 1792-1835. Francis II.

1792. The French under Dumourier defeat the Austrians, who then lost the whole of the Netherlands.

1806. The confederation of the Rhine. Sixteen German princes renounce their fealty to the empire, and form a league, with Napoleon at its head. Francis II. laid aside the crown which had been worn by his predecessors since the days of Charlemagne, and assumed the title of Emperor of Austria, as Francis I. In the same year Bavaria and Wurtumberg were erected into kingdoms.

1815. The Congress of Vienna. A confederation of 38 states was formed, for the purpose of mutual protection, under the auspices of the Holy Alliance, or league of three great continental sovereigns; the Emperors of Austria and Russia, and the King of Prussia.

I can take but a slight notice of Bohemia and Hungary. Austria, as an empire, consists of several archduchies, and the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, and the kingdom of Illyria. Austria itself is an archduchy, having Bohemia on the northwest, and Hungary on the east or south-east.

1. Austria. (Estreich, i.e. East-empire.) In the time of Charlemagne, 800, it was a Margraviate: it continually increased; in the twelfth century it was made a duchy; it still increased, and in 1438 obtained the electoral crown of Germany. In 1453 it was raised to an archduchy; and in 1526 obtained the rank of an European monarchy.-Vienna is the Vindobona of the Romans.

2. Bohemia. It is so called from the Boii, or the Bohemi. A.D. 550, one Zecko (whether a Slavonian or not, is doubted,) conquered the country.-Then Croa ruled, prudently: then his daughter Libussa, who married a peasant, Premislaus: his descendants succeeded, during some centuries.One of them, 894, Borziwoy, embraced the Christian religion: schools were built, churches erected.-1309, John of Luxemburgh, son of

the emperor Henry VII., succeeded.—John, in 1346, fought at Cressy against the English, and was slain. The Prince of Wales assumed the cap with three feathers, with the motto, "Ich dien," worn by John on that day.-Charles I., 1347, united with Bohemia the Imperial crown (Charles IV. as emperor.) Winceslaus, 1399: dissolute, dethroned.-Sigismund, 1419 Zisca and the Hussite war. We pass on to 1516, to Louis, who in 1526, fell in battle with the Turks, and Bohemia became subject to Austria. In the thirty years' war, Bohemia was desolated: the Protestant religion was rooted out; the country lost the best of its strength and wealth.

3. Hungary. The ancient Pannonia and Dacia.—The country of the Magyars.-They entered Hungary about A.D. 894, from Asia, under their prince, Almus. They made various incursions, till they were overthrown by Otho I., 955.-Geysa, 971, the first Christian king. Stephen, 1000, founded the kingdom; he established ten bishoprics; divided the empire into 72 counties.

We have now a succession of kings, through centuries in which we see Christianity contending with paganism; barbarism with civilization: various wars, and in 1241 the invasion of the Tartars. Louis I. greatly enlarged his kingdom: in 1382 he left his daughter Mary his successor: she was married to Sigismund who afterwards became king of Bohemia and emperor of Germany. To him succeeded his son Albert, 1438, who with Hungary held Bohemia and Austria. The reign of John Corvin, 1444, (Hunniades) and of his son Mathias, 1458, form a splendid epoch in the history of Hungary: they were a terror to the Austrians and Turks. Uladislaus, 1471, indolent. His son Lewis was conquered by Soliman, and drowned (in his flight) in the Danube, 1526; and Ferdinand of Austria obtained the crown. In 1645 the Hungarians were allowed the full exercise of their religion, and in 1687 the crown of Hungary was declared to be hereditary to the house of Austria.

4. Switzerland.

i. Ancient History.

The ancient Helvetia was of less extent than the modern Switzerland; so called by the Austrians in the fourteenth century, from the Switz or Schweitz.

B.C. 58, &c. The Helvetii were conquered by Julius Cæsar. A.D. 450, about. The German nations freed the country from the dominion of the Romans.

As early as the fourth century there were Christian churches at Geneva, &c.

The Allemanni and Burgundians gave their laws and habits to the Helvetians: Roman civilization disappeared.—The Allemanni occupied the greater part of the country. Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Huns settled in it.-On the partition of the empire of the Franks among the Merovingians, Switzerland was divided between two sovereigns; one reigned over Allemannian, the other over Burgundian, Switzerland.

534. All Switzerland became a portion of the Frankish empire. The Christian religion was restored anew: the desolated fields were cultivated.

ii. Middle Ages.

778, &c. Charlemagne encouraged the arts and sciences in Helvetia.

888. Rodolph, one of the counts, established the new kingdom of Burgundy between the Reuss and the Jura. The counts in the other parts of Switzerland were nominally subject to the Germans, but they conducted themselves as princes. Hence arose a multitude of independent governments; war the business of the nobles, and misery the fate of the people.

911. Conrad, the emperor, set a duke over the counts in

Allemannia.

919-1024. The emperors of the Saxon house were the first who compelled the dukes, counts, and bishops in Switzerland to respect their authority.

1032. Conrad II. reunited Burgundian Switzerland with the Allemannians, which belonged to Germany.

1085, &c. Under the reign of Henry IV., of Germany, the royal authority was again overthrown.

He gave Allemannic Switzerland to the duke of Zahringen; to this was added in 1225 the Burgundian part. The dukes of Zahringen humbled the nobility; they built several new cities. Manufactures and industry flourished: Geneva and Lausanne, Zurich and Basle, became thriving towns,

1218. On the death of the last duke of Zahringen, Allemannia came into the possession of the emperors.-The Hapsburgs in northern Helvetia, and the counts of Savoy in the south-west, became powerful.-The boldest became the mightiest: private feuds continued.

1264. Rodolph of Hapsburg became more powerful than the old lords of the soil.

1273. He, as king and emperor, held a court in Helvetia; but did not abuse his power to reduce the free men to vassalage, as his successors did, Rodolph and Albert. 1307. Thirty-three brave men swear to maintain their independence: Hence the Swiss Confederacy.-Gesler: William Tell.-The first revolt was of three cantons: but in 1332 Lucern joined them, and afterwards the

rest.

1315. Battle of Morgarten: Leopold duke of Austria.

1386. The Austrians were defeated at Sempach.

1444. The Dauphin of France was defeated at Basle. "The