3. Germany.

i. Ancient History.

Germans: that is, Heermannen, or War-men.

About B.C. 113, the Romans first became acquainted with the Germans: the Cimbri defeat Carbo.

102, &c. Marius defeats the Teutones; subdues the Cimbri; the Tigurini.

55. Julius Cæsar passes the Rhine at Andernach, &c. 16. The Sigambri defeated Lollius, legate of Augustus.

10. Drusus conquers several German nations: Tiberius also. A.D. 9. Varus defeated by Arminius (Herman): Rome lost all Germany beyond the Rhine.

9-21. Two powerful nations in Germany: the Marcomanni under Maroboduus; the Cherusci under Arminius : war between them: the Cherusci conquer.

We pass over the savage wars of Germans with Germans, and of Germans with Romans.-In the third century the four great German nations were the Saxons, the Franks, the Allemanni, or different tribes of the Suevi, and the Goths.-In the time of Julian (360) the Franks and Allemanni were the most powerful of the German nations.

357. Julian defeated the Allemanni: battle of Strasburg. "Rome's last victory."

376. The Huns appear on the eastern frontier.

449. A series of battles between the Ostrogoths and the Huns and some Germanic tribes.

ii. The Middle Ages.

772, &c. Charlemage subdued the Saxons and Lombards: is crowned (800) Emperor of the West.

Thus the great Frankish Monarchy, comprehending Gaul,
Italy, and Germany to the north sea, was founded.

814-843. Louis the Pious: Treaty of Verdun.

The German empire was formed from the dismemberment of the Frankish Monarchy by this treaty: in the Partition of the empire; Lothaire had Italy; Charles the Bald, France; Louis the German, Germany. The separation between Germany and France was not finally established before the accession of Arnold, 888.-Germany was composed of five independent sovereignties: Saxony with Thuringia; Franconia; Swabia; Bavaria; and Lorraine.

843-878. Louis (the German) the first king of Germany. Margraves appointed: castles built for safety against the Normans. He enlarged his dominions.

888. France and Germany choose their own kings.-Arnulph, or Arnold, a grandson of Louis the German, was chosen by the Germans.

Arnold vanquished the Danes or Normans. He made a

treaty with the Magyars or Hungarians. He twice

invaded Italy, and in 894 was chosen king there. Berenger was defeated.

899. Lewis, the Child; six years old: died 911 of a broken heart: turbulence. Last of the Carlovingians.

911. Conrad I. Six turbulent years. He was count of Franconia. The Hungarians invaded the empire.-The monarchy remained elective till 1806.—The seven electors were Mentz, Treves, Cologne, Archbishops; and the Palatinate, Brandenburg, Saxony, and Bohemia; the last of these received its authority from Bavaria, 1290.-(In 1648 an eighth electorate was created, and given to the Palatinate: and 1692, Brunswick-Luneburg was made a ninth electorate.) 917-936. Henry I. the Fowler: duke of Saxony. The ablest statesman and greatest prince of Europe in his time.

He repressed the ambition of the dukes of Suabia and Bavaria ;-promoted the construction of towns in various places;—surrounded with walls the principal villages; and attended to the interior regulation of his kingdoms. He appointed the practice of military exercises at certain times:-the origin of Tourna

ments.

933. The Hungarians conquered by Henry at Keuschberg. 936-973. Otho I. He subdued Bavaria; Bohemia, in 14 years. He then fought successfully against conspirators, the dukes of Franconia and Suabia, and the archbishop of Mainz.

955. The Hungarians enter Germany: conquers them near Augsburg.

962. Crowned at Rome, as Charlemagne had been.

He increased the power of the German clergy to counterbalance the power of the nobility. He propagated Christianity by force of arms.

973-983. Otho II., the Sanguinary.

978. Civil war; and war with France.

981. Otho is defeated by the Greeks and Saracens in Italy. 983-1002. Otho III., 3 years old.-A brave and enterprising prince.

994. Otho marched into Italy, against Crescentius, whose object was to abolish the powers of the papacy.

997. Otho revisits Rome: Crescentius is beheaded.

1002-1024. Henry II.

1004. He obtained the Lombard crown.

1014. He obtained the crown of the empire.

A great part of his life was spent in wars with the
Italians, Poles, and Bohemians.

1034-1039. Conrad II.

He made the small fiefs hereditary.-Delinquent vassals

were tried by a jury of men of their own rank.—A vassal might appeal from his lord to the emperor. 1039-1056. Henry III. No emperor ever ruled with more absolute authority over the Church as well as the

state. He deposed one pope, and created three successive popes without opposition.

1056. Germany visited with earthquakes, famine, and

tilence.

1056-1106. Henry IV. A prince of courage and excellent endowments, but injured by his education.

1059. The decree of pope Nicholas II., that Cardinals should elect the

pope.

Henry conquered the Saxons, and restored peace to
Germany.

1073. Gregory VII., Hildebrand, pope. His object was, to raise the spiritual above the temporal power in all

the states of Europe.

In this reign began "the war of Investitures;" which lasted about 50 years, 1073-1122.

1076, &c. Henry is summoned to Rome: submission to the pope.-Twenty years of strife and confusion; re

bellious sons, &c.

1106-1125. Henry V. War with Hungary and Poland: several conflicts with the pope.

1122. The Concordat of Worms; defining the rights of the emperor and the pope about Investitures.

1125-1137. Lothaire of Saxony. The Saxons, Franconians, Suabians, and Bavarians, were now the powerful nations of Germany. Most of this reign was spent in bloody civil war. The whole kingdom was divided into two parties, Guelphs and Ghibelines.

1137-1152. Conrad III. (of Hohenstaufen.)

War against the Guelphs: Seige of Weinsberg: Hill of "Weibertreue."

1147. Conrad one of the leaders of the second crusade: to

1149.

1152-1190. Frederic I.: Barbarossa. A man of great courage

and capacity.-Wars with the Bohemians, Poles, Italians, &c.-Germany was now tranquil, and more powerful than it had ever been.

1158, &c. Milan beseiged and taken by Frederick: again in 1162. He invaded Italy again in 1167 and 1174. 1176. The Waldeneses sought refuge in Bohemia, and in other parts of Europe: their doctrine made a considerable progress.

1189. He entered on the third crusade; and was drowned in the Calycadnus, or Girama.

190-1197. Henry VI., the Severe. His reign was chiefly

taken up with wars in the south of Italy and Sicily. 1194. He was crowned at Palermo King of Sicily and Apulia. He was guilty of horrid cruelties.

1198-1208. Philip of Hohenstaufen.-Civil trouble and commotion.

1208-1212. Otho IV. Makes various concessions to the pope. 1212-1250. Frederick II. A long and important reign, belonging to the most remarkable period of the middle ages. But we can only notice a few particulars. 1215. Crowned as German King: 1220, he received the imperial crown.

1227, 8. He undertook a crusade: Camel, sultan of Egypt, cedes Jerusalem to him, &c.: after his return," he

spent a life of luxurious enjoyment for many years in Apulia.

1235. He married Isabella, sister of Henry III. of England. 1236, &c. War with the Lombards.-1239. He is excommunicated by the pope.

1241. The Moguls invade Germany: their victory on the plains of Wahlstadt.