Wire or fencing of the size and type required shall be firmly attached to the posts and braces in the manner indicated. All wire shall be stretched taut and shall be installed to the required elevations.

At each location where an electric transmission, distribution or secondary line crosses any of the types of fences covered by the specifications, grounding of the fencing will be accomplished in accordance with the following. A galvanized or copper coated steel ground rod 8 feet long having a minimum diameter of 1⁄2-inch shall be installed directly below the point of crossing. The rod shall be driven vertically until the top is 6 inches below the ground surface. A No. 6 solid copper conductor or equivalent shall be used to connect each fence element to the grounding rod. The connections shall be either brazed or fastened with approved noncorrosive clamps.

When a powerline runs parallel or nearly parallel to and above the fence, the fence shall be grounded at each end or gate post or at intervals not to exceed 1,500 feet.

When acceptable vertical penetration of the grounding rod cannot be obtained, an equivalent horizontal grounding system may be approved.

Fence shall generally follow the contour of the ground. Grading shall be performed where necessary to provide a neat appearance. Where abrupt changes in the ground profile in low areas make it impractical to maintain the specified ground clearance, longer posts may be used and multiple strands of barbed wire stretched thereon. The vertical clearance between strands of barbed wire shall be 6 inches or less. All posts shall be repaired in accordance with approved procedures after cutting or drilling.

Cattle guards and connecting fences and gates shall be assembled and placed as shown on the plans and in a work-manlike and substantial manner.

Method of Measurement

607.04 Fence will be measured by the linear foot. Measurement will be along the top of the fence from outside to outside of end posts for each continuous run of fence.

Gates will be measured as complete units of the size and type specified.

Cattle guards will be measured as complete units.

Any necessary clearing and grubbing required will not be measured directly but will be considered as subsidiary work to pay items of the contract.

Basis of Payment

607.05 The quantities, determined as provided above, will be paid for at the contract price per unit of measurement, for each of the particular pay items listed below that appear in the bid schedule, which prices and payment will be full compensation for furnishing and placing all materials, including all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work prescribed in this section.

Section 608.-SIDEWALKS, DRIVE PADS AND PAVED MEDIANS

Description

608.01 This work shall consist of the construction of paved sidewalks, drive pads and medians in accordance with these specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the plans or established by the Engineer.

Materials

608.02 Materials. Materials shall meet the requirements specified in the following subsections:

Joint fillers....

Reinforcing steel.

Bed course material.

Brick for sidewalks shall meet the requirements of Section 704.

705.01

709.01

703.16

Concrete for sidewalks shall meet the requirements of Section 602 Minor Concrete Struc

tures.

Materials for bituminous sidewalk shall be as specified in the special provisions. Concrete and bituminous mixes will be subject to inspection and tests at the mixing plants for compliance with quality requirements.

All materials will be subject to inspection for acceptance as to condition at the latest practicable time the Engineer has the opportunity to check for compliance prior to or during incorporation of materials in the work.

Construction Requirements

608.03 Portland Cement Concrete Sidewalks, Drive Pads and Medians.

(a) Excavation.-Excavation shall be made to the required depth and to a width that will permit the installation and bracing of the forms. The foundation shall be shaped and compacted to an even surface conforming to the section shown on the plan. All soft and yielding material shall be removed and replaced with acceptable material.

(b) Forms.-Forms shall be of wood, metal or other suitable material and shall extend for the full depth of the concrete. All forms shall be straight, free from warp and of sufficient strength to resist the pressure of the concrete without displacement. Bracing and staking of forms shall be such that the forms remain in both horizontal and vertical alignment until their removal. All forms shall be cleaned and coated with an approved form release agent before concrete is placed.

(c) Placing concrete.-The foundation shall be thoroughly moistened immediately prior to the placing of the concrete. The proportioning, mixing and placing of the concrete shall be in accordance with the requirements for the class of concrete specified. The concrete shall be deposited in one course in such a manner as to prevent segregation.

If shown on the plans or in the special provisions, carbon black in the amount indicated shall be mixed into the concrete.

(d) Finishing.-The surface shall be finished with a wooden float and light brooming. No plastering of the surface will be permitted.

All outside edges of the slab and all joints shall be edged with a 1/4-inch radius edging tool. (e) Joints. Expansion joints shall be of the dimensions specified, and shall be filled with the type of premoulded expansion joint filler noted. The sidewalk shall be divided into sections by dummy joints formed by a jointing tool or other acceptable means as directed. These dummy joints shall extend into the concrete for about 4 to 5 of the depth and shall be approximately 8-inch wide. Joints shall match as nearly as possible adjacent joints in curb or pavements. Dummy joints may be sawed in lieu of forming with a jointing tool.

Construction joints shall be formed around all appurtenances such as manholes, utility poles, etc., extending into and through the sidewalk, drive pad or median. Premoulded expansion joint filler inch thick shall be installed in these joints. Expansion joint filler of the thickness indicated shall be installed between concrete construction and any fixed structure such as a building or bridge. This expansion joint material shall extend for the full depth of the concrete construction.

(f) Curing.-Concrete shall be cured for at least 72 hours. Curing shall be by means of moist burlap or mats or by other approved methods. During the curing period all traffic, both pedestrian and vehicular, shall be excluded. Vehicular traffic shall be excluded for such additional time as the Engineer may direct.

608.04 Bituminous Concrete Sidewalk, Drive Pads and Medians.

(a) Excavation and forms.-Excavation and forms, if required, shall meet the requirements of subsection 608.03(a) and (b).

(b) Bed course.-Bed course material shall be placed in layers not exceeding 4 inches in depth and each layer shall be thoroughly compacted.

(c) Placing bituminous materials.-The mixture shall be placed only when the bed is sufficiently dry and weather conditions are suitable. Bituminous material shall be placed on the compacted bed course in one or more courses as indicated so as to give the required depth when rolled. Compaction shall be accomplished by means of a hand operated or power roller of a type and weight acceptable to the Engineer. In areas inaccessible to the roller, hand tamping will be permitted. In any case, the bituminous material shall be uniformly compacted. 608.05 Brick Sidewalk. The brick shall be laid in successive courses on a prepared bedding course as shown on the plans.

Every course of brick shall be laid true and brought to grade by use of wooden mattels. No course shall deviate from a straight line more than 2 inches in 30 feet.

Immediately after laying the brick, brick surfaces shall be swept and inspected. Any imperfect brick shall be lifted out and replaced.

Following replacement of defective brick the clean surface shall be covered with a board approximately 3 inches thick, 12 inches wide and 6 feet long and tamped with an approved tamper. The tamping shall be done immediately after laying and before the bed has begun to set.

When tamping is complete the joints shall be chocked with a dry mixture of 4 parts sand and 1 part cement by weight.

After filling the joints flush they shall be carefully watered to saturate the joint filler. Any joints which do not remain flush with brick surfaces shall be rechocked and watered.

Method of Measurement

608.06 Cement concrete and brick sidewalks, drive pads and medians will be measured by the square yard of finished surface. Bituminous concrete sidewalks, drive pads and medians will be measured by the ton of bituminous mixture placed or by the square yard, as provided in the bid schedule. Bed course material will be measured by the ton or by the cubic yard. No deduction in quantities will be made for areas less than 1 square yard.

Basis of Payment

608.07 The accepted quantities, determined as provided above, will be paid for at the contract price per unit of measurement respectively, for each of the pay items listed below that appear in the bid schedule, which price and payment will be full compensation for the work of this section complete in place.

If no pay item for Bed Course Material appears in the bid schedule, payment for any bed course material shown on the plans will be considered to be included in the bid price for sidewalk.

Reinforcement, excavation, backfill, disposal of surplus materials, expansion joint material and other related miscellaneous items will not be paid for separately but payment therefor will be included in the bid price of the sidewalk.

Section 609.-CURB AND GUTTER

Description

609.01 This work shall consist of the construction or resetting of curb, gutter or combination curb and gutter in accordance with these specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the plans or established by the Engineer.

Materials

609.02 Materials. Except as provided below the materials used shall meet the requirements of the following subsections:

Concrete for curbing shall be Class A(AE) meeting the requirements of Section 552. The Engineer may adjust the aggregate size and proportions within the total specified weight as necessary to obtain concrete of a consistency that can be finished to the desired surfaces.

Bituminous mixtures for curbing shall be as specified in the special provisions.

Concrete, bituminous mixes and manufactured curbing materials will be subject to inspection and tests at the plants for compliance with quality requirements.

Concrete curbs, gutters, or curbs and gutters may be cast-in-place, precast or extruded as specified in the contract.

Construction Requirements

609.03 Stone Curbing.

(a) Excavation.-Excavation shall be made to the required depth, and the base upon which the curb is to be set shall be compacted to an even surface. All soft and unsuitable material shall be removed and replaced with suitable material which shall be thoroughly compacted. (b) Installation.-The curb shall be set so that the face and top lines conform to the line and grade required. All spaces under the curbing shall be filled with material conforming to the requirements of the material for bed course. This material shall be thoroughly tamped. The stones shall be cleaned thoroughly and wetted immediately before being set. (c) Joints.-Curbing shall be laid with joints as close as possible for stone curb. These joints shall be filled with mortar as specified.

In those cases where a portland cement concrete pavement is to be constructed contiguous to a curbing, joints shall be constructed in the curbing directly in line with pavement expan

sion joints. The joint in the curb shall be 3⁄44-inch in width and shall be filled with an expansion joint filler of the same nominal thickness as the pavement joint. Any voids between the joint filler and the stone curb shall be filled with mortar.

(d) Backfilling.-After the curb has set, any remaining excavated areas shall be filled with approved material. This material shall be placed and thoroughly tamped in layers not exceeding 6 inches in depth.

609.04

Cast in Place Portland Cement Concrete Curbing or Curb and Gutter. (a) Excavation.—Excavation and bedding shall conform to the requirements of subsection 609.03(a).

(b) Forms. Forms shall be of wood, metal, or other suitable material and shall extend for the full depth of the concrete. All forms shall be free from warp and of sufficient strength to resist the pressure of the concrete without displacement. Bracing and staking of forms shall be such that the forms remain in both horizontal and vertical alignment until their removal. All forms shall be cleaned and coated with an approved form release agent or form oil before concrete is placed. Divider plates shall be of metal. On 300 foot radius curves or less forms shall conform to the specification radius.

(c) Mixing and placing.—Concrete shall be proportioned, mixed and placed in accordance with the requirements for the class of concrete specified. Consolidation of concrete placed in the forms shall be by vibration or other acceptable methods. Forms shall be left in place for 24 hours or until the concrete has set sufficiently so that they can be removed without injury to the curbing. The concrete shall be struck off to the cross section specified, after which it shall be finished smooth and even by means of a wood float.

For the purpose of matching adjacent concrete finishes or for other reasons, the Engineer may permit other methods of finishing. No plastering will be permitted.

(d) Contraction joints.—Curbing shall be constructed in sections having a uniform length of ten feet unless otherwise ordered. Sections shall be separated by open joints 1⁄4-inch wide except at expansion joints. Where the curb is constructed adjacent to concrete pavement, the contraction or open joints in the curb shall match the contraction joints in the pavement. (e) Expansion joints.—Expansion joints shall be formed at the intervals shown on the plans using a preformed expansion joint filler having a thickness of 3/4-inch. When the curb is constructed adjacent to or on concrete pavement, expansion joints shall be located opposite or at expansion joints in the pavement.

(f) Curing.—Immediately upon completion of the finishing, the curbing shall be moistened and kept moist for three days, or the curbing shall be cured by the use of membrane forming material. The method and details of curing shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer. (g) Backfilling.-After the concrete has set sufficiently, the spaces in front and back of the curb shall be refilled to the required elevation with suitable material, which shall be thoroughly tamped, in layers of not more than six inches.

(h) Curb machine.—The curb or curb and gutter may be constructed by the use of a curb forming machine meeting the requirements of subsections 609.07(c) 1 and 2. When the curb machine is used, contraction joints may be created in a manner approved by the Engineer. (i) Curb template.-If approved by the Engineer, the exposed curb face may be constructed and finished by use of trowel-type templates, shaped to produce the desired contours when operated along approved forms set to the established lines and grades.

While the concrete is green, the top, front, or other exposed surfaces of the curb or combined curb and gutter shall be floated with a moist wooden float. Form marks and any other irregularities shall be removed.

609.05 Precast Concrete Curbing. The installation of precast concrete curbing shall meet the requirements of subsection 609.03.

609.06 Reflecting Concrete Curbing. Construction methods for this item shall conform to the requirements of subsection 609.04 with the following supplements:

The reflecting surface of the curbing shall be a mortar mix consisting of 1 part white portland cement to 134 parts of light colored, washed mortar sand. This mortar mix shall have