CONTROL CHARTS. Graphical charts with statistically derived control limits and plotted values of measurements for a series of measurements or the averages of groups of measurements.

DEFECT. A failure to meet a requirement with respect to a single quality characteristic. JOB-MIX FORMULA (JMF). The percentage of each material in a mixture intended for a particular use; may include mixing temperature of bituminous mixtures.

LOT.

An isolated quantity of material from a single source; a measured amount of construction assumed to be produced by the same process.

MAXIMUM DENSITY. The highest density that can be obtained under stated conditions. MULTIPLE DEFICIENCIES. More than one defect in a unit of product with respect to the characteristic(s) under consideration.

RANDOM NUMBER. A number selected entirely by chance as from a table of random sampling numbers.

RANDOM SAMPLING. Sampling at times or locations determined in advance by the use of a table of random numbers.

RANGE.

The difference between the smallest and largest measurement in a group of measurements.

SECOND SAMPLES.

A sample taken when the initial sample indicates that the material is defective. (Of the lot).

SELLER'S (a) RISK. The risk of having acceptable material rejected.

STANDARD DEVIATION (☛ OR 8). A measure of variability that can be calculated from the differences between individual measurements in a group and their average.

STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING.

SUBLOTS. Subdivisions of a lot.

TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS.

of occurrence.

Random sampling of sublots.

A table arranged so that every digit has an equal chance

Contract time.-The number of working days or calendar days allowed for completion of the contract. If the specified completion date is shown in the proposal in lieu of a number of working or calendar days, the contract shall be completed by that date. Contracting officer.-See SF 23-A.

Contractor.-The individual, partnership, firm, or corporation, or any acceptable combination thereof, or joint venture contracting with the Government for performance of prescribed work.

County. The county, borough, or parish in which the work herein specified is to be done. Culvert.-Any structure under the roadway with a clear opening of 20 feet or less measured along the center of the roadway.

Directive.-A written order issued to the Contractor requiring the work to be performed in accordance with the contract including all changes that do not involve any adjustment in the basis of payment.

Drawings.-See plans.

Engineer.-The duly authorized representative of the Contracting Officer who is delegated the responsibility for administration of the project.

Equipment.-All machinery and equipment, together with the necessary supplies for upkeep and maintenance, and also tools and apparatus necessary for the proper construction and acceptable completion of the work.

Federal procurement regulations.-The provisions of Chapter I, Title 41, Code of Federal Regulations.

General provisions.-The contract provisions contained in Standard Form 23A-General Provisions (Construction Contract) in effect on the date of advertisement for bids. Government.-The Government of the United States of America.

Highway, Street or Road.-A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way.

(Recommended Usage: in Urban areas-highway or street

in Rural areas-highway or road

Inspector. The authorized representative assigned to make detailed inspections of contract performance.

Invitation for bids. The complete assembly of related documents (whether attached or incorporated by reference) furnished prospective bidders for the purpose of bidding.

Laboratory. A testing laboratory of the Government or any other testing laboratory which may be designated by the Engineer.

Materials. Any substances specified for use in the construction of the project and its appurtenances.

Notice to proceed.—Written notice to the Contractor to begin the contract work; includes when applicable, the date of beginning of contract time.

Pavement structure. The combinations of subbase, base course, and surface course placed on a subgrade to support the traffic load and distribute it to the roadbed:

Subgrade.-The top surface of a roadbed upon which the pavement structure and shoulders including curbs are constructed.

Subgrade treatment.-Modification of roadbed material by stabilization.

Subbase.—The layers of specified or selected material of designed thickness placed on a subgrade to support a base course.

Base course. The layer or layers of specified or selected material of designed thickness placed on a subbase or a subgrade to support a surface course.

Surface course.-One or more layers of a pavement structure designed to accommodate the traffic load, the top layer of which resists skidding, traffic abrasion, and the disintegrating effects of climate. The top layer sometimes called "Wearing Course."

Plans.-The contract drawings which show the location, character, and dimensions of the prescribed work, including layouts, profiles, cross sections and other details.

Standard Plans.—Drawings approved for repetitive use, showing details to be used where appropriate.

Working drawings.—Supplemental design sheets or similar data which the Contractor is required to submit, such as stress sheets, shop drawings, erection plans, falsework plans, framework plans, cofferdam plans and bending diagrams for reinforcing steel.

Presplitting. The method of controlled blasting by which a fracture plane is created in rock which prevents the resulting rock face from being adversely affected by subsequent blasting and excavation operations.

Profile grade.—The trace of a vertical plane intersecting the top surface of the proposed road construction of as shown on the plans. Profile grade means either elevation or gradient of such trace according to the context.

Questionnaire.-The specified form on which a bidder shall furnish required information as to his ability to perform and finance the work.

Reasonably close conformity.—Reasonably close conformity means compliance with reasonable and customary manufacturing and construction tolerances where working tolerances are not specified. Where working tolerances are specified, reasonably close conformity means compliance with such working tolerances. Without detracting from the complete and absolute discretion of the Engineer to insist upon such tolerances as establishing reasonably close conformity, the Engineer may accept variations beyond such tolerances as reasonably close conformity where they will not materially affect the value or utility of the work and the interests of the Government.

Right-of-way.-A general term denoting land, property, or interest therein, usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to transportation purposes.

Roadbed. The graded portion of a highway within top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulders.

Roadside. A general term denoting the area adjoining the outer edge of the roadway. Extensive areas between the roadways of a divided highway may also be considered roadside. Roadside development.—Those items necessary to the complete highway which provide for the preservation of landscape materials and features; the rehabilitation and protection against erosion of all areas disturbed by construction through seeding, sodding, mulching and the placing of other ground covers; such suitable planting and other improvements as may increase the effectiveness and enhance the appearance of the highway.

Roadway. The portion of a highway within limits of construction.

Shoulder.-The portion of the roadway contiguous with the traveled way for accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of base and surface

courses.

Sidewalk. That portion of the roadway primarily constructed for the use of pedestrians. Specialty items.-Pay items designated in the bid schedule as specialty items; usually minor items requiring equipment and crafts not ordinarily associated with the major types of work covered by the contract.

Specifications.-The compilation of provisions and requirements for the performance of prescribed work.

Standard Specifications.—This book of specifications approved for general application and repetitive use.

Supplemental Specifications-Approved additions and revisions to the Standard Speci

fications.

Special provisions.—Additions and revisions to the standard and supplemental specifications applicable to an individual project.

Specified completion date.-The date on which the contract work is specified to be completed.

Standard forms.-Numbered forms issued by the General Services Administration for use as contract documents, abbreviated as SF.

State.-The State or Commonwealth in which the work to be done is located, including the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico.

Structures.-Bridges, culverts, catch basins, drop inlets, retaining walls, cribbing, manholes, endwalls, buildings, sewers, service pipes, underdrains, foundation drain and other features which may be involved in the work and not otherwise classed herein.

Subcontractor.-An individual, partnership, firm, corporation or any acceptable combination thereof, or joint venture, to which the Contractor subcontracts part of the work under the contract. Subcontractor shall include subcontractors in any tier.

Substructure.-All of that part of a structure below the bearings of simple and continuous spans, skewbacks of arches and tops of footings of rigid frames; including backwalls, wingwalls and wing protection railings.

Superintendent.—The Contractor's authorized representative in responsible charge of the

work.

Superstructure.—All that part of a structure above the bearings on simple and continuous spans, skewbacks of arches and top of footings of rigid frames; excluding backwalls, wingwalls and wing protection railing.

Supplemental agreement.—A written agreement between the Contracting Officer and the Contractor, constituting a modification of the contract originally executed and covering the performance of work beyond the general scope thereof.

Surety. The corporation, partnership or individual, other than the Contractor, executing a bond furnished by the Contractor.

City, township, town or district.—A subdivision of the county used to designate or identify the location of the proposed work.

Traveled way.-The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders.

Turnouts.-That portion of the traveled way constructed as additional width on single-lane roads to allow for safe passing of vehicles.

Work. The furnishing of all labor, materials, equipment, and incidentals necessary or convenient to the successful completion of the project and the carrying out of the duties and obligations imposed by the contract upon the Contractor.

Working day.—A calendar day during which normal construction operations could proceed for a major part of a shift; excludes Saturdays, Sundays and National and State legal holidays.

Section 102.-BIDDING REQUIREMENTS AND CONDITIONS

102.01 Qualification of Bidders. See SF 22, Instructions to Bidders. 102.02 Contents of Bid Forms. Upon request, the Government will furnish the prospective bidder with an Invitation for Bids. This assembly will state the location and description of the contemplated construction and will include the general requirements and conditions for bidding; the estimate of the various quantities and kinds of work to be performed or materials to be furnished; a schedule of items for which unit bid prices are invited; the time in which the work must be completed, the amount of the bid guarantee, and the date, time and place of the opening of bids; and any special provisions or requirements which vary from or are not contained in the standard specifications.

All papers bound with or attached to the bid forms are considered a part thereof and must not be altered when the bid is submitted.

The plans, specifications and other documents designated in the bid forms will be considered a part of the Invitation for Bids whether attached or not.

102.03 Reserved.

102.04 Interpretation of Quantities in Bid Schedule. The quantities appearing in the bid schedules are approximate only and are prepared for the comparison of bids. Payment to the Contractor will be made only for the actual quantities of work performed and accepted or materials furnished in accordance with the contract. The scheduled quantities of work to be done and materials to be furnished may each be increased, decreased, or omitted as hereinafter provided. Bid schedule quantities will be considered the original contract quantities. 102.05 Subsurface & Design Information. When subsurface or design information is available, the Invitation for Bids (SF 20) will indicate the type of information available and where it may be inspected. This information may include geophysical data and interpretations (such as seismic or resistivity). Bidders are cautioned that interpretations of geophysical data are based on opinion and judgment. Bidders are advised to have these data and interpretations independently evaluated by someone qualified in this technical field before using them for bidding purposes.

While subsurface investigations will have been performed with reasonable care, there is no warranty or guaranty, either expressed or implied, that they will disclose the actual conditions which will be encountered during the progress of the work.

When a log of test borings is included in the subsurface investigation record, the data shown in the individual log of each test boring apply only to that particular boring and are not intended to be conclusive as to the character of any material between or around test borings. 102.06 Preparation of Bid Forms.

See SF 22, Instructions to Bidders.

The bidder shall specify a unit price in figures for each pay item for which a quantity is given and shall also show the products of the respective unit prices and quantities written in figures in the column provided for that purpose and the total amount of the bid obtained by adding the amounts of the several items. In case of discrepancy between unit price and bid item total, the corrected unit price extension will govern. All the figures shall be in ink or typed.

When an item in the bid schedule contains a choice to be made by the bidder, the bidder shall indicate his choice in accordance with the specifications for that particular item, and thereafter no further choice will be permitted.

The bidder's bid must be signed with ink by the individual, by one or more members of the partnership, by one or more members or officers of each firm representing a joint venture, or by one or more officers of a corporation, or by an agent of the Contractor legally qualified and acceptable to the Government.

102.07 Irregular Bids. Bids will be considered irregular and may be rejected for the following reasons or as otherwise set forth in the standard forms contained in the Invitation for Bids:

(a) If the bid is on a form other than that furnished by the Government or if forms are altered.

(b) If there are unauthorized additions, conditional or alternative bids, or irregularities of any kind which may tend to make the bid incomplete, indefinite, or ambiguous as to its meaning.

(c) If the bidder adds any provisions reserving the right to accept or reject an award, or to enter into a contract pursuant to an award. This does not exclude a bid limiting the maximum gross amount of awards acceptable to any one bidder at any one bid letting, provided that any selection of awards will be made by the Government.

(d) If the bid does not contain a unit price for each pay item listed except in the case of authorized alternative pay items.

102.08 Bid Guarantee. See SF 22, Instructions to Bidders. Checks or money orders submitted as a bid guarantee shall be made payable to the Agency issuing the Invitation For Bids.

102.09 Submission of Bids. See SF 22, Instructions to Bidders.

102.10 Late Bids and Modifications or Withdrawals. See SF 22, Instructions to Bidders.

102.11 Combination or Conditional Bids. No combination bids other than those specifically provided for in the bid forms by the Government will be considered. Conditional bids will be considered only when so stated in the special provisions.

102.12

Public Opening of Bids. See SF 22, Instruction to Bidders.

102.13 Rejection of Bids. The Government reserves the right to reject bids for any of the following reasons, or as otherwise set forth in the standard forms contained in the contract.

(a) Lack of competency as revealed by the financial statement and experience questionnaires required by SF 22, Instruction to Bidders.

(b) Uncompleted work which, in the judgment of the Government might hinder or prevent the prompt completion of additional work if awarded.

(c) Failure to pay or satisfactorily settle all bills due for labor and material on former contracts in force at the time of advertisement for bids.

(d) Failure to comply with any qualification regulations of the Government.

(e) Default under previous contracts.

(f) More than one bid for the same work from a bidder under the same or different name. (g) Evidence of collusion among bidders. Participants in such collusion will receive no recognition as bidders for any future work of the Government until any such participant shall have been reinstated as a qualified bidder.

(h) Otherwise not responsible.

Section 103.-AWARD AND EXECUTION OF CONTRACT

103.01 Consideration of Bids. After the bids are opened and read, they will be compared on the basis of the summation of the products of the quantities shown in the bid schedule