CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Section 200. Earthwork Section 201.—CLEARING AND GRUBBING Description 201.01 This work shall consist of clearing, grubbing, removing and disposing, or using of all vegetation and debris as designated in the contract, except such objects as are designated to remain in place or are to be removed in accordance with other sections of these specifications. This work shall also include the preservation from injury or defacement of all vegetation and objects designated to remain. Construction Requirements 201.02 General. The Engineer will establish the limits of work and designate all trees, shrubs, plants and other things to remain. The Contractor shall preserve all objects designated to remain. Paint required for cut or scarred surfaces of trees or shrubs selected for retention shall be an approved asphaltum base paint prepared especially for tree surgery. 201.03 Clearing and Grubbing. All surface objects and all trees, stumps, roots and other protruding obstructions, not designated to remain, shall be cleared and/or grubbed, including mowing, as required, except as provided below: (1) Removal of undisturbed stumps and roots and nonperishable solid objects which will be a minimum of 3 feet below subgrade or slope of embankments will not be required. (2) In areas outside of the grading limits of cut and embankment areas, stumps and nonperishable solid objects shall be cut off not more than 6 inches above the ground line or low water level. (3) In areas to be rounded at the top of cut slopes, stumps shall be cut off flush with or below the surface of the final slope line. (4) Grubbing of pits, channel changes and ditches will be required only to the depth necessitated by the proposed excavation within such areas. Except in areas to be excavated, stump holes and other holes from which obstructions are removed shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted in accordance with subsection 203.19. If perishable material is burned, it shall be burned under the constant care of competent watchmen at such times and in such a manner that the surrounding vegetation, other adjacent property, or anything designated to remain on the right of way will not be jeopardized. If permitted, burning shall be done in accordance with applicable laws, ordinances, and regulations, and as provided in subsection 107.13. The Contractor shall use high intensity burning procedures, (i.e., incinerators, high stacking or pit and ditch burning with forced air supplements) that produce intense burning with little or no visible smoke emission during the burning process. At the conclusion of each burning session, the fire shall be completely extinguished so that no smoldering debris remains. In the event that the Contractor is directed by the Engineer not to start burning operations or to suspend such operations because of hazardous weather conditions, material to be burned which interferes with subsequent construction operations shall be moved by the Contractor to temporary locations clear of construction operations and later, if directed by the Engineer, shall be placed on a designated spot and burned. Materials and debris which cannot be burned and perishable materials may be disposed of by methods and at locations approved by the Engineer, on or off the project. If disposal is by burying, the debris shall be placed in layers with the material so distributed to avoid nesting. Each layer shall be covered or mixed with earth material by the land-fill method to fill all voids. The top layer of material buried shall be covered with at least 12 inches of earth or other approved material and shall be graded, shaped and compacted to present a pleasing appearance. If the disposal location is off the project, the Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements with property owners in writing for obtaining suitable disposal locations which are outside the limits of view from the project. The cost involved shall be included in the unit bid price. A copy of such agreements shall be furnished to the Engineer. The disposal areas shall be seeded, fertilized and mulched in accordance with Section 625, at the Contractor's expense. Woody material may be disposed of by chipping. The wood chips may be used for mulch, slope erosion control or may be uniformly spread over selected areas as directed by the Engineer. Wood chips used as mulch for slope erosion control shall have a maximum thickness of 2 inch and faces not exceeding six square inches on any individual surface area. Woodchips not designated for use under other sections shall be spread over the designated areas in layers not to exceed three inches loose thickness. Diseased elm trees shall be buried or disposed of as directed by the Engineer. All merchantable timber in the clearing area which has not been removed from the right of way prior to the beginning of construction, shall become the property of the Contractor, unless otherwise provided. Low hanging branches and unsound or unsightly branches on trees or shrubs designated to remain shall be trimmed as directed. Branches of trees extending over the roadbed shall be trimmed to give a clear height of 20 feet above the roadbed surface. All trimming shall be done by skilled workmen and in accordance with good tree surgery practices. Timber cut inside the area staked for clearing shall be felled within the area to be cleared. 201.04 Individual removal of trees or stumps.. Individual trees or stumps designated by the Engineer for removal and located in areas other than those established for clearing and grubbing and roadside cleanup shall be removed and disposed of as specified under subsection 201.03, except trees removed shall be cut as nearly flush with the ground as practicable without removing stumps. Method of Measurement 201.05 Measurement will be by one or more of the following alternative methods: (a) Area basis.—The work to be paid for will be the number of acres and fractions thereof acceptably cleared and grubbed within the limits indicated on the plans or as may be adjusted in field staking by the Engineer. Areas not within the clearing and grubbing limits shown on the plans or not staked for clearing and grubbing will not be measured for payment. (b) Lump-sum basis.—When the bid schedule contains a clearing and grubbing lump sum item, no measurement of area will be made for such item. (c) Linear basis.—When a linear unit quantity is shown on the bid schedule, the length will be measured along the construction centerline in stations or miles. (d) Individual unit basis.—(Selective Clearing) The diameter of trees will be measured at a height of 54 inches above the ground. Trees less than 6 inches in diameter will not be measured for payment. Stumps to be removed for specific payment will be measured by taking the average diameter at the cutoff. When the bid schedule indicates measurement of trees by individual unit basis, the units will be designated and measured in accordance with the following schedule of sizes: Pay item designation Size of diameter at height of 54 inches Over 6 inches to 36 inches Over 36 inches.. Small Large When the bid schedule provides for payment for individual tree removals on the square foot basis, the quantity to be paid for will be the summation of the number of square feet contained in the trunk areas of trees removed, measured at a height of 54 inches above the average ground line. Basis of Payment 201.06 The accepted quantities of clearing and grubbing determined as provided above will be paid for at the contract unit prices as follows: (a) Area basis.—The quantities determined will be paid for at the contract unit price bid per acre respectively for each of the particular pay items listed that appear in the bid schedule. (b) Lump-sum basis.— When the bid schedule contains a lump sum item, the lump sum price so bid will be paid and will be full compensation for the estimated quantities shown in the contract. (c) Individual unit basis.—When individual unit quantities are shown on the bid schedule, the accepted quantities will be paid for at the contract price for the respective items. (d) Exclusions.—When the bid schedule does not contain an estimated quantity or a lump sum item the work will not be paid for directly, but will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor under other contract items. No added payment will be made for debris rehandling or for delayed burning as directed under the provisions of subsection 201.03. Unless otherwise provided, no payment will be made for clearing and grubbing borrow sources as set out in subsection 203.03 and material sources as set out in subsection 106.02. 202.01 This work shall consist of the removal, wholly or in part, and satisfactory disposal of all buildings, fences, structures, old pavements, abandoned pipe lines, and any other obstructions which are not designated or permitted to remain, except for the obstructions to be removed and disposed of under other items in the contract. It shall also include the salvaging of designated materials and backfilling the resulting trenches, holes, and pits. Construction Requirements 202.02 General. The Contractor shall perform the work described above, within and adjacent to the roadway, on Government land or easement, as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer. All designated salvable material shall be removed, without unnecessary damage, in sections or pieces which may be readily transported, and shall be stored by the Contractor at specified places on the project or as otherwise shown in the special provisions. Perishable material shall be handled as designated in subsection 201.03 Nonperishable material may be disposed of outside the limits of view from the project with written permission of the property owner on whose property the material is placed. Copies of all agreements with property owners are to be furnished the Engineer. Basements or cavities left by structure removal shall be filled with acceptable material to the level of the surrounding ground and, if within the prism of construction, shall be compacted in accordance with subsection 203.19. 202.03 Removal of Bridges, Culverts, and Other Drainage Structures. Bridges, culverts, and other drainage structures in use by traffic shall not be removed until satisfactory arrangements have been made to accommodate traffic. The removal of existing culverts within embankment areas will be required only as necessary for the installation of new structures. Abandoned culverts shall be broken down, crushed and sealed or plugged. All culvert sections removed, which are not designated for stockpiling or relaying, shall become the property of the Contractor and be removed from the project or disposed of in a manner approved by the Engineer. Unless otherwise directed, the substructures of existing structures shall be removed down to the natural stream bottom and those parts outside of a stream shall be removed down to at least one foot below natural ground surface. Where such portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits for a new structure, they shall be removed as necessary to accommodate the construction of the proposed structure. Steel bridges and wood bridges when specified to be salvaged shall be carefully dismantled without damage. Steel members shall be match marked, unless such match marking is waived by the Engineer. All salvaged material shall be stored as specified in subsection 202.02. Structures designated to become the property of the Contractor shall be removed from the right-of-way. Blasting or other operations necessary for the removal of an existing structure or obstruction, which may damage new construction, shall be completed prior to placing the new work, unless otherwise provided in the special provisions. 202.04 Removal of Pipe, Other than Pipe Culverts. Unless otherwise provided, all pipe shall be carefully removed and every precaution taken to avoid breaking or damaging the pipe. Pipes to be relaid shall be removed and stored when necessary so that there will be no loss or damage before re-laying. The Contractor shall replace sections lost from storage or damaged by negligence, at his own expense. 202.05 Removal of Pavement, Sidewalks, Curbs, etc.. All concrete pavement, base course, sidewalks, curbs, gutters, etc., designated for removal, shall be: (a) Broken into pieces and used for riprap on the project, or (b) Broken into pieces, the size of which shall not exceed one foot in any dimension and stockpiled at designated locations on the project for use by the Government, or: (c) Otherwise disposed of as directed. When specified, ballast, gravel, bituminous material or other surfacing or pavement materials shall be removed and stockpiled as required in subsection 202.02; otherwise such materials shall be disposed of as directed. There will be no separate payment for excavating for removal of structures and obstructions or for backfilling and compacting the remaining cavity. Method of Measurement 202.06 When the contract stipulates that payment will be made for removal of obstructions on a lump sum basis, the pay item will include all structures and obstructions encountered within the roadway in accordance with the provisions of this section. Where the contract stipulates that payment will be made for the removal of specific items on a unit basis, measurement will be made by the unit stipulated in the contract. The length of pipe removed will be measured in linear feet, computed by multiplying the number of pipe units removed by the commercial lengths of each pipe unit (exclusive of end connections) or by measuring in place prior to removal, if specified. Whenever the bid schedule does not contain an item for any aforementioned removals, the work will not be paid for directly, but will be considered as a subsidiary obligation of the Contractor under other contract items. Basis of Payment 202.07 The accepted quantities of removal of structures or obstructions, determined as provided above, will be paid for at the contract unit bid price or lump sum price bid, which price and payment will be full compensation for removing and disposing of the obstructions in accordance with the contract. The price will also include salvage of materials removed, their custody, preservation, storage on the right of way, and disposal as provided herein. Payment will be made under: 203.01 This work shall consist of roadway excavation, borrow excavation, embankment construction, and disposal of material in accordance with the specifications and in reasonably close conformity with the lines, grades, and dimensions shown on the plans or established by the Engineer. 203.02 Roadway Excavation. Roadway excavation will include excavation and grading for roadways, parking areas, intersections, approaches, slope rounding, benching, waterways and ditches; removal of unsuitable material from the roadbed and beneath embankment areas; and excavating selected material found in the roadway as ordered by the Engineer for specific use in the improvement. Roadway excavation will be classified as "unclassified excavation," "rock excavation," "common excavation," or "muck excavation” as indicated in the bid schedule and hereinafter described. (a) Unclassified Excavation. Unclassified excavation shall consist of the excavation and disposal of all material, regardless of its nature, not classified and included in the bid schedule under other pay items. (b) Rock Excavation. Rock excavation shall consist of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock which cannot be excavated without blasting or the use of rippers, and all boulders |