copy of the title-page of an arithmetical work in my possession which seems a curiosity in its way; but whether unique or not, my slender bibliographical knowledge does not enable me to determine. It is as follows:

"The Arte of Vulgar Arithmeticke, both in Integers and Fractions, devided into two Bookes, whereof the first

is called Nomodidactus Numerorum, and the second Portus Proportionum, with certeine Demonstrations, reduced into so plaine and perfect Method, as the like hath not hetherto beene published in English. Wherevnto is added a third Booke, entituled Musa Mercatorum : comprehending all the most necessarie and profitable Rules vsed in the trade of Merchandise. In all which three Bookes, the Rules, Precepts, and Maxims are onely composed in meeter for the better retaining of them in memorie, but also the operations, examples, demonstrations, and questions, are in most easie wise expounded and explaned, in the forme of a dialogue, for the reader's more cleere vnderstanding. A knowledge pleasant for Gentlemen, commendable for Capteines and Soldiers, profitable for Merchants, and generally necessarie for all estates and degrees. Newly collected, digested, and in some part deuised by a welwiller to the Mathematicals."

"Ecclesiasticus, cap. 19. "Learning unto fooles is as fetters on their feete and manicles vpon their right hand; but to the wise it is a lewell of golde, and like a Bracelet vpon his right

arme.

"Boetius. I. Arith. cap. 2.

"Omnia quæcunque a primæua natura constructa sunt, Numerorum videntur racione formata. Hoc enim fuit principale in animo conditoris exemplar. Imprinted at London by Gabriel Simson, dwelling in Fleete Lane,

1600."

The volume (which is a small quarto of 270 folios) is dedicated "To the Right Honorable sir Thomas Sackuill, Knight, Baron of Buckhurst, Lord Treasurer of England," &c. &c., by Thomas Hylles.

Perhaps one or other of your correspondents will kindly inform me whether this volume is a rarity, and also oblige me with some information regarding Thomas Hylles, its author.

SN. DAVIE, Jun. [Professor De Morgan, in his "Arithmetical Books from the Invention of Printing to the present Time," describes Hylles' work "as a big book, heavy with mercantile lore;" and the author as being, "in spite of all his trifling, a man of learning." A list of the

author's other works will be found in Watt's Bibliotheca

Britannica, and Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature, under the word Hills (Thomas). See also Ames's Typographical Antiquities.]

Replies.

VILLENAGE.

(Vol. iii., p. 327.)

Your correspondent H. C. wishes to know whether bondage was a reality in the time of Philip

and Mary; and, if so, when it became extinct. It was a reality much later than that, as several cases in the books will show. Dyer, who was appointed chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1559, settled several in which man claimed property in his fellow-man, hearing arguments and giving judgment on the point whether one should be a "villein regardant" or a "villein in gross." Lord Campbell, in his Lives of the Chief Justices, gives the following, tried before Dyer, C. J. :

"A. B., seised in fee of a manor to which a villein was regardant, made a feoffinent of one acre of the manor by these words: I have given one acre, &c., and further I have given and granted, &c., John S., my villein.' Question, Does the villein pass to the grantee as a villein in gross, or as a villein appendant to that acre?' The Court being equally divided in opinion, no judgment seems to have been given.”— Dyer, 48 b. pl. 2.

Another action was brought before him under these circumstances:-Butler, Lord of the Manor of Badminton, in the county of Gloucester, contending that Crouch was his villein regardant, entered into certain lands, which Crouch had purchased in Somersetshire, and leased them to Fleyer. Crouch thereupon disseised Fleyer, who Butler and his ancestors were seised of Crouch brought his action against Crouch, pleading that and his ancestors as of villeins regardant, from time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. The jury found that Butler and his ancestors were scised of Crouch and his ancestors until the first year of the reign of Henry VII.; | but, confessing themselves ignorant whether in point of law such seisin be an actual seisin of the defendant, prayed the opinion of the Court

thereon.

Dyer, C. J., and the other judges agreed upon this to a verdict for the defendant, for "the lord having let an hundred years pass without redeeming the villein or his issue, cannot, after that, claim them." (Dyer, 266. pl. 11.)

When Holt was chief justice of the King's Bench, an action was tried before him to recover the price of a slave who had been sold in Virginia. The verdict went for the plaintiff. In deciding upon a motion made in arrest of judgment, Holt, C. J., said,-"As soon as a negro comes into England he is free: one may be a villein in England, but not a slave." (Cases temp. Holt, 405.)

As to the period at which villenage in England became extinct, we find in Litt. (sec. 185.):

Villenage is supposed to have finally disappeared in the reign of James I., but there is great difficulty in saying when it ceased to be lawful, for there has been no statute to abolish it; and by the old law, if any freeman acknowledged himself in a court of record to be a villein, he and all his after-born issue and their descendants were villeins."

Even so late as the middle of the eighteenth century, when the great Lord Mansfield adorned

the bench, it was pleaded "that villenage, or slavery, had been permitted in England by the common law; that no statute had ever passed to abolish this status;" and that "although de facto villenage by birth had ceased, a man might still make himself a villein by acknowledgment in a court of record." This was in the celebrated case of the negro Somersett, in which Lord Mansfield first established that "the air of England had long been too pure for a slave." In his judgment he says,

66

...

Then what ground is there for saying that the status of slavery is now recognised by the law of England? .. At any rate, villenage has ceased in England, and it cannot be revived.". - St. Tr., vol. xx. pp. 1-82.

And Macaulay, in his admirable History of England, speaking of the gradual and silent extinction of villenage, then, towards the close of the Tudor period, fast approaching completion, says:

"Some faint traces of the institution of villenage were detected by the curious as late as the days of the Stuarts; nor has that institution ever to this hour been abolished by statute."

TEE BEE. Villenage (Vol. iii., p. 327.).—In reply to the question put by H. C., I beg to say that in Burton's Leicestershire (published in 1622), a copy of which is now before me, some curious remarks occur on this subject. Burton says, under the head of "Houghton-on-the-Hill," that the last case he could find in print, concerning the claim to a villein, was in Mich. 9 & 10 Eliz. (Dyer, 266. b.), where one Butler, Lord of the Manor of Badminton in Gloucestershire, did claim one Crouch for his villein regardant to his said manor, and made an entry upon Crouch's lands in Somersetshire. Upon an answer made by Crouch, an ejectione firma was brought in the King's Bench; and upon the evidence it was moved, that as no seizure of the body had been made, or claim set up by the lord, for sixty years preceding, none could then be made. The Court held, in accordance with this, that no seizure could be made. I do not know what the reference means; perhaps some of your legal correspondents may do so.

MACLEAN NOT JUNIUS.

JAYTEE.

(Vol. iii., p. 378.) Your correspondent ÆGROTUS (antè, p. 378.) is not justified in writing so confidently on a subject respecting which he is so little informed. He is evidently not even aware that the claims of Maclean have been ably and elaborately set forth by Sir David Brewster, and, as I think, conclusively, on the evidence, set aside in the Athenæum. He has, however, been pleased to new vamp some old stories, to which he gives

something of novelty by telling them "with a difference." I remember, indeed, four or five years since, to have seen a letter on this subject, written by Mr. Pickering, the bookseller, to the late Sir Harris Nicolas, in which the same statements were made, supported by the same authorities, which, in fact, corresponded so exactly with the communication of ÆGROTUS, that I must believe either that your correspondent has seen that letter, or that both writers had their information from a common story-teller.

Respecting the "vellum-bound copy" locked up in the ebony cabinet in possession of the late Marquis of Lansdowne, Mr. Pickering's version came nearer to the authority; for he said, "My informant saw the bound volumes and the cabinet when a boy." The proof then rests on the recollection of an Anonymous, who speaks positively as to what took place nearly half a century since; and this anonymous boy, we are to believe, was already so interested about Junius as to notice the fact at the time, and remember it ever after. Against the probabilities of this we might urge, that the present Marquis-who was born in 1780, and came to the title in 1809, is probably as old, or older than Anonymous; as much interested in a question believed by many persons, ÆGROTUS amongst them, intimately to concern his father, and quite as precocious, for he was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1805-never saw or heard of either the volumes or the cabinet; and, as ÆGROTUS admits, after a search expressly made by his order, they could not be found. Further, allow me to remind you, that it is not more than six weeks since it was recorded in "NOTES AND QUERIES" that a "vellum-bound" Junius was lately sold at Stowe; and it is about two months since I learnt, on the same authority, that a Mr. Cramp had asserted that vellum-bound copies were so common, that the printer must have taken the Junius copy as a pattern; so that, if EGROTUS's facts be admitted, they would prove nothing. There is one circumstance, however, bearing on this question, which perhaps ÆGROTUS himself will think entitled to some weight. It was not until 1812, when George Woodfall published the private letters of Junius, that the public first heard about "a vellumbound" copy. If therefore the Anonymous knew before 1809 that some special interest did or would attach more to one vellum-bound book than another, he must be Junius himself; for Sampson Woodfall was dead, and when living had said nothing about it.

ÆGROTUS then favours us with the anecdote about "old Mr. Cox" the printer, and that Maclean corrected the proofs of Junius' Letters at his printing-office. Of course, persons acquainted with the subject have heard the story before, though not with all the circumstantialities now given. Where, I might ask, is the authority for

this story? Who is responsible for it? But the emphatic question which common sense will ask is this: Why should Junius go to Mr. Cox's printingoffice to correct his proofs? Where he wrote the letters he might surely have corrected the proofs. Why, after all his trouble, anxiety, and mystification to keep the secret, should he needlessly go to anybody's printing-office to correct the proofs, and thus wantonly risk the consequences?-in fact, go there and betray himself, as we are expected to believe he did? The story is absurd, on the face of it. But what authority has ÆGROTUS for asserting that Junius corrected proofs at all? Strong presumptive evidence leads me to believe that he did not in some instances he could not. In one instance he specially desired to have a proof; but it was, as we now know, for the purpose of forwarding it to Lord Chatham. Junius was also anxious to have proofs of the Dedication and Preface, but it is by no means certain that he had them; the evidence tends to show that they were, at Woodfall's request, and to remove from his own shoulders the threatened responsibility, read by Wilkes and the collected edition was printed from Wheble's edition, so far as it went, and the remainder from slips cut from the Public Advertiser, both corrected by Junius; but we have no reason to believe that Junius ever saw a proof, even of the collected edition,many reasons that tend strongly to the contrary opinion. Under these circumstances, we are required to believe an anonymous story, which runs counter to all evidence, that we may superadd an absurdity.

:

Mr. Pickering further referred to Mr. Raphael West, as one who "could tell much on the subject." Here ÆGROTUS enlarges on the original, and tells us what this "much consisted of. The story, professedly told by Benjamin West, about Maclean and Junius, on which Sir David Brewster founded his theory, may be found in Galt's Life of West. But Galt himself, in his subsequent autobiography, admits that the story told by West "does not relate the actual circumstances of the case correctly;" that is to say, Galt had found out, in the interval, that it was open to contradiction and disproof, and it has since been disproved in the Athenæum. So much for a story discredited by the narrator himself. Of these facts EGROTUS is entirely ignorant, and therefore proceeds by the following extraordinary circumstantialities to uphold it. "The late President of the Royal Academy knew Maclean; and his son, the late Raphael West, told the writer of these remarks [EGROTUS himself] that when a young man he had seen him [Maclean] in the evening at his father's house in Newman Street, and once heard him repeat a passage in one of the letters which was not then published;" and EGROTUS adds, "a more correct and veracious man than Mr. R. West could not be." So be it. Still it is

strange that the President, who was said to have told his anecdote expressly to show that Maclean was Junius, never thought to confirm it by the conclusive proof of having read the letters before they were published! Further, and we leave the question of extreme accuracy and veraciousness to be settled by ÆGROTUS, the President West was born in 1738; he embarked from America for Italy in 1759; on his return he visited England in 1763, and such was the patronage with which he was welcomed, that his friends recommended him to take up his residence in London. This he was willing to do, provided a young American lady to whom he was attached would come to England. She consented; his father accompanied her, and they were married on the 2nd of September, 1765, at St. Martin's Church. Now Maclean embarked for India in December, 1773, or January, 1774, and was lost at sea, when "the young man," Master Raphael, could not have been more than seven years of age, -nay, to speak by the card, as Master Raphael heard one of Junius' letters read before it was published, and as the last was published in January, 1772, it follows, assuming that he was the eldest child, born in nine months to the hour, and that it was the very last letter that he heard read, he may have been five years and seven months old- -a very "young man" indeed; or rather, all circumstances considered, as precocious a youth as he who found out the vellum-bound copy years before it was known to be in existence. I regret to have occupied so much of your space. But speculation on this subject is just now the fashion. "NOTES AND QUERIES" is likely hereafter to become an authority, and if these circumstantial statements are admitted into its columns, they must be as circumstantially disproved.

Replies to Minar Queries.

M. J.

The Ten Commandments (Vol. iii., p. 166.).— The controversy on the division of the Ten Commandments between the Romanists and Lutherans on the one side, and the Reformers or Calvinists on the other, has been discussed in the following works: - 1. Goth (Cardinalis), Vera Ecclesia, &c., Venet., 1750 (Art. xvi. § 7.); 2. Chamieri Panstratia (tom i. l. xxi. c. viii.); 3. Riveti Opera (tom. i. p. 1227., and tom. iii. Apologeticus pro vera Pace Ecclesiastica contra H. Grotii Votum.); 4. Bohlii Vera divisio Decalogi ex infallibili principio accentuationis; 5. Hackspanii Note Philologica in varia loca S. Scripturæ; 6. Pfeifferi Opera (Cent. i. Loc. 96.); 7. Ussher's Answer to a Jesuit's Challenge (of Images), and his Serm. at Westminster before the House of Commons, out of Deuteronomy, chap. iv. ver. 15, 16., and Romans, chap.i. ver. 23.; 8. Stillingfleet's Controversies with Godden, Author of "Catholics no Idolators," and

with Gother, Author of "The Papist Misrepresented," &c.

The earliest notices of the division of the Decalogue, are those of Josephus, lib. iii. c. 5. s. 5.; Philo-Judæus de Decem Oraculis; and the Chaldaic Paraphrase of Jonathan. According to these, the third verse of Exod. xx. contains the first commandment; the fourth, fifth, and sixth, the second. The same distinction was adopted by the following early writers: Origen (Homil. viii. in Exod.), Greg. Nazienzen (Carmina Mosis Decalogus), Irenæus (lib. iii. c. 42.), Athanasius (in Synopsi S. Scriptura), Ambrose (in Ep. ad Ephes. c. vi.). It was first abandoned by Augustine, who was instigated to introduce this innovation by the unwarranted representation of the doctrine of the Trinity by the First Table containing three commandments. The schoolmen followed his example, and accommodated the words of God to the legislative requirements of their new divinity, progressive development, which terminated in the Church of Rome, in compelling them to command what He strictly prohibits. (See Ussher's Answer.)

"Hath God himself any where declared this to be only an explication of the first commandment? Have the prophets or Christ and His apostles ever done it? How then can any man's conscience be safe in this matter? For it is not a trifling controversy whether it be a distinct commandment or an explication of the

first; but the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the worship of images depends very much upon it, for if it be only an explication of the first, then, unless one takes images to be gods, their worship is lawful, and so the heathens were excused in it, who were not such idiots; but if it be a new and distinct precept, then the worshipping any image or similitude becomes a grievous sin, and exposes men to the wrath of God in that severe manner mentioned in the end of it. And it is a great confirmation that this is the true meaning of it, because all the primitive writers of the Christian Church not only thought it a sin against this com mandment, but insisted upon the force of it against those heathens who denied that they took their images for gods; and, therefore, this is a very insufficient account of leaving out the second commandment (that the people are in no danger of superstition or idolatry by it.)."-Stillingfleet's Doctrines of the Church of Rome, 25. Of the Second Commandment.

"If God allow the worship of the represented by the representation, he would never have forbidden that worship absolutely, which is unlawful only in a certain respect."-Ibid. Answer to the Conclusion.

With your permission I shall return to this sub

Thus St. Augustine himself: "In the first commandment, any similitude of God in the figments of men is forbidden to be worshipped, not because God hath not an image, but because no image of Him ought to be worshipped, but that which is the same thing that He is, nor yet that for Him but with Him."-See what is further cited from Augustine by Ussher in bis

Answer.

ject, not of Images, but of the Second Commandment, in reply to MR. GATTY's Queries on the division at present adopted by the Jews, &c. T. JONES.

Chetham's Library, Manchester.

Mounds, Munts, Mount (Vol. iii., p. 187.). · If R. W. B. will refer to Mr. Lower's paper on the "Iron Works of the County of Sussex," in the second volume of the Sussex Archaeological Collections, he will find that iron works were carried on in the parish of Maresfield in 1724, and probably much later. It is therefore probable that the lands which he mentions have derived their names from the pit-mounts round the mouths of the pits through which the iron ore was raised to the surface. In Staffordshire and Shropshire the term kind, which makes a large part of every coal-pit munt is used to denote fire-clay of an inferior mount in those counties. If the same kind of fireclay was found in the iron mines of Sussex, it is not necessary to suggest the derivation of the word munt.

I take this opportunity of suggesting to MR. ALBERT WAY that the utensil figured in page 179. of the above-mentioned work is not an ancient mustard-mill, but the upper part of an iron mould in which cannon-shot were cast. The iron tongs, of which a drawing is given in page 179., were probably used for the purpose of drawing along a floor recently cast shot while they were too hot to be handled.

V. X. Y.

San Graal (Vol. iii., pp. 224. 281.). Roquefort's article of nine columns in his Glos. de la L. Rom., is decisive of the word being derived from Sancta Cratera; of Graal, Gréal, always having meant a vessel or dish; and of all the old romancers having understood the expression in the same meaning, namely, Sancta Cratera, le Saint Graul, the Holy Cup or Vessel, because, according to the legend, Christ used it at the Paschal Supper; and Joseph of Arimathea afterwards employed it to catch the blood flowing from his wounds. Many cities formerly claimed the honour of possessing this fabulous relic. Of course, as Price shows, it was an old Oriental magic-dish legend, imitated in the West. GEORGE STEPHENS.

Stockholm.

Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke (Vol. iii., pp. 262. 307.). It has been asserted that the second part of this epitaph was written by Lady Pembroke's son; among whose poems, which were published in 1660, the whole piece was included. (Park's Walpole, ii. 203. note; Gifford's Ben Jonson, viii. 337.) But it is notorious, that no confidence whatever can be placed in that volume (see this shown in detail in Mr. Hannah's edit. of Poems by Wotton and Raleigh, pp. 61. 63.); nor have we any right to distribute the two parts between different authors. There are at least four

old copies of the whole; two in MSS. which are referred to by Mr. Hannah ; the one in Pembroke's Poems; and the one in that Lansdowne MS.,

and Magic, to Celestial Influences, Phrenology, Physiognomy, &c., might serve for the Table of Contents to a History of Human Weakness.

and

Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles, trans

BOOKS RECEIVED.-Neander's History of the Planting

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, etc.

R.

A History of the Articles of Religion: to which is added a Series of Documents from A.D. 1536 to A.D. 1615; together with Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, by Charles Hardwick, M. A, is the title of an octavo volume, in which the author seeks to supply a want long felt, especially by students for Holy Orders; namely, a work which should show not the doctrine but the his tory of the Articles. For, as he well observes, while many have enriched our literature by expositions of the doctrine of the Articles, "no regular attempt has been made to illustrate the framing of the Formulary itself, either by viewing it in connection with the kindred publications of an earlier and a later date, or still more in its relation to the period out of which it originally grew." This attempt Mr. Hardwick has now made very suc cessfully; and it is because his book is historical and not polemical, that we feel called upon to notice it, and to bear our testimony to its interest, and its value to that "large class of readers who, anxious to be accurately informed upon the subject, are precluded from consulting the voluminous collectors, such as Strype, Le Plat, or Wilkins." Such readers will find Mr. Hardwick's volume a most valuable handbook.

A practical illustration that "union is strength," is shown by a volume which has just reached us, entitled, Reports and Papers read at the Meetings of the Architectural Societies of the Archdeaconry of Northampton, the Counties of York and Lincoln, and of the Architectural and Archæological Societies of Bedfordshire and St. Alban's during the Year MDCCCL. Presented gratuitously to the Members. Had each of these Societies, instead of joining with its fellows, put forth a separate Report, the probability is, it would not only have involved such Society in an expense far beyond what it would be justified in incurring, but the Report itself would not have excited half the interest which will now be created by a comparison of its papers with those of its associate Societies; while, with the reduced expense, the benefit of a larger circulation is secured. The volume is one highly creditable to the Societies, and to the authors of the various communications which are to be found in it.

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson (191. Piccadilly) will be engaged on Monday and two following days in the Sale of a Library rich in works on every branch of what is now known as Folk Lore and Popular Antiquities, and which may certainly, and with great propriety, be styled "a very curious collection." The mere enumeration of the various subjects on the title-page of he Catalogue, ranging, as they do, from Mesmerism

Ryland, is the fourth volume of the Standard Library which Mr. Bohn has devoted to translations of the writ

ings of Neander; the first and second being his Church History, in two volumes, and the third his Life of Christ.

Cosmos, a Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe by Alexander Von Humboldt, translated from the German by E. C. Otté, vol. iii., is the new volume of Bohn's Scientific Library, and completes his edition of the translation of the great work of the Prussian philosopher.

CATALOGUES RECEIVED.-Adam Holden's (60. High Street, Exeter) Catalogue Part XXXI. of Books in every Department of Literature; J. Wheldon's (4. Paternoster Row) Catalogue Part III. for 1851, of a valuable Collection of Topographical Books; J. Rowsell's (28, Great Queen Street) Catalogue No. XLIII. of a select Collection of Second-hand Books.

L'ABBÉ DE SAINT PIERRE, PROJET DE PAIX PERPETUELLE. 3 Vols. 12mo. Utrecht, 1713

CHEVALIER RAMSAY, ESSAI DE POLITIQUE, où l'on traite de la Nécessité, de l'Origine, des Droits, des Bornes et des différentes Formes de la Souveraineté, selon les Principes de l'Auteur de Télémaque. 2 Vols. 12mo. La Haye, without date, but printed in 1719.

The same. Second Edition, under the title " Essai Philosophique sur le Gouvernement Civil, selon les Principes de Fénélon," 12mo. Londres, 1721.

PULLEN'S ETYMOLOGICAL COMPENDIUM, 8vo.

COOPER'S (C. P.) ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC RECORDS, 8vo. 1822. Vol. I. LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI. XII. XIII.

MILLER'S (JOHN, OF WORCESTER COLL.) SERMONS. Oxford, 1831 (or about that year).

WHARTON'S ANGLIA SACRA. Vol. II.

PHEBUS (Gaston, Conte de Foix), Livre du deduyt de la Chasse.
TURNER'S SACRED HISTORY. 3 vols. demy 8vo.
KNIGHT'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Vol. IV. Com-
mencing from Abdication of James 11.

LORD DOVER'S LIFE OF FREDERICK THE GREAT. 8vo. 1832 Vol.II.
LADIES' DIARY FOR 1825 AND 1826.

Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.