God." Our deliberate and just fears are just to the same intimation, and, in each of their motions, point out God to the first glances of our reasoning; for, if it be reasonable to fear want, how much more reasonable is it to fear Him, whose bounty is the fountain of all our supplies!

Fear, mingled with surprise, and rising to a violent degree, and sudden, is terror; and fear, rising into terror, mixed up with hatred of an object, is horror. Dr. Ryland.

Horror.

Horror is that very strong and painful emotion, excited by the view or contemplation of something peculiarly attrocious in the conduct of another; by some vice, which exceeds the usual extravagance of vice; enormities that surpass the bounds of common depravity; such as impurities too gross to be named, profligacies too shocking to be repeated, and cruelties that make us shudder at the recital. Dr. Cogan.

An object despised sometimes causes horror, and then the eyebrow knits, and sinks a great deal more; the eye-ball, placed at the bottom of the eye, is half covered by the lower eye-lid; the mouth is half open, but closer in the middle than at the sides, which being drawn back, makes wrinkles in the cheeks; the face grows pale, and the eyes become livid; the muscles and the veins are marked. Le Brun.

Shame.

Shame is a species of sorrow, mixed with self-love and self-contempt, frequently attended with blushing, arising from a consciousness of any thing that appears matter of disgrace, or blame, or contempt in ourselves or others.

It is a sorrow and self-contempt, when we have said or done any thing that is likely to expose us to the contempt or scorn of others.

Ryland.

As inward sensations of glory frequently attend moral joy, so shame is a frequent concomitant of this moral sorrow, or it may be called one species of it; for as all moral sorrow arises from a consciousness of having done some evil action; so shame arises from

a consciousness of having done an action which is dishonourable, contrary to the dignity of our nature, or to our good character in the esteem of God or men. It is manifested by avoiding company, by down-cast eyes, by hiding the face, or by blushing: when it arises high, it is called confusion of face and soul; for it puts all nature into a sort of tumult and confusion. Shame and sorrow should always join in true repentance for sin, whether against God, or against our neighbour. Watts.

Sorrow.

The senses are troubled; the soul is overwhelmed, and sometimes sinks into a painful stupefaction. This state marks the passion of sorrow, according to the distinctions noticed in the preceding pages; for it is here that the mind is perfectly passive. As soon as it is able to collect its powers, it wanders over and exaggerates very distressing circumstance and possible disadvantage, that may be consequent upon the loss; until tumultuous emotions are excited, bordering upon phrenzy, violent agitations, and restless positions of the body, extension of the arms, clapping of the hands, beating the breast, tearing the hair, loud sobs and sighs, manifest to the spectator the inward agony of the soul. Such are the emotions which indicate the nature and strength of the passion. Sometimes a flood of tears relieves these pathognomonic symptoms. Universal lassitude and debility succeed, with deep dejection of countenance and languor in the eyes, which seem to look around, and solicit in vain for assistance and relief. Every thing, which used to communicate pleasure and inspire vivacity, appears frivolous, or becomes indifferent to the mind. The only delight which is now enjoyed, is to contemplate the cause of its affliction; to enumerate all the excellencies and advantages of that which was once possessed, or might have been possessed, and fondly to dwell upon each. Thus the emotions gradually sink into permanent affections. Dr. Cogan.

The symptoms and effects of sorrow are closing and heavy eyelids, a dead paleness on the cheeks and lips, a languid and gloomy countenance, eyes flowing with tears, or dim and wasted with weeping, an affectation of solitude, sitting in darkness and silence, or

lying on the ground in an abject posture, an aversion to business, a cold indifference to every pleasure, a neglect of food and dress, of ornaments and delights, and a wasting of life, and the tiresome hours of it in sighs, and groans, and bitter complaints. Heretofore, among the Jews, as well as some other nations, deep sorrow was manifested by plucking off the hair of the head and beard, by tearing the garments, by putting on sackcloth, and sitting in ashes.

Watts. Moderate sorrow is trouble; great sorrow is distress and anguish ; habitual sorrow is melancholy.

He lay stretch'd along

Upon th' unwholesome earth, his eyes fix'd upward,
And ever and anon a silent tear

Stole down, and trickled from his hoary beard:

My heart is wither'd at that piteous sight,
As early blossoms are with eastern blasts.
He sent for me, and while I rais'd his head,
He threw his aged arms around my neck,
And, seeing that I wept, he press'd me close;
So leaning cheek to cheek, and eyes to eyes,
We mingled tears in a dumb scene of sorrow.

Grief.

Ryland.

DRYDEN.

In the opposite and sedative passion of grief, that oppressive load of the heart, the circulation of the fluids is languid, the solids are relaxed, the appetite and digestion are weakened; the bowels are flatulent; the cheeks grow pale and wan; the eyes lose their brilliancy; slow deep sighs are raised; the strength is exhausted; the secretions and excretions are irregular; hysteria, hypocondriasis, dropsy, tabes, or fatal marasmus ensue. But grief in excess has imitated the violent efforts of anger, and terminated in phrenites, apoplexy, mania, or suicide.

Melancholy.

Falconer.

When the mind is very deeply impressed with a sense of calamity for a continuance, and the attention cannot by any means be diverted from it, the subject is in a state of melancholy.

This affection manifests itself by dejection of spirits, debility of

mind and body, obstinate and insuperable love of solitude, universal apathy, and a confirmed listlessness, which emaciate the corporeal system, and not unfrequently trouble the brain. Dr. Cogan.

Melancholy may be occasioned by whatever disturbs the brain as to affect the mind; such as intense thought, anxious cares and troubles, watchings, frights, fearful and shocking dreams, strong passions, profuse evacuations, or an obstruction of them. Whatever renders the blood and spirits too volatile, causes the mirthful and raving; and whatever, on the contrary, depresses them, will occasion the melancholy species. If, hereditary, they scarce admit of a cure.

The general signs preceding melancholy are, sadness and dejection, without any antecedent cause, timidity, fondness of solitude, troublesome nights, fretfulness and fickleness, costiveness, little or no urine, indolence, and paleness of visage. On the contrary, in maniacs there is unusual boldness, with all the strong appearances of irregular passions; rising sometimes so high, as to give room to apprehend the patient may attempt his own life.

English Encyclopædia.

It makes a toy press with prodigious weight,
And swells a mole-hill to a mountain's height,
For melancholy men lie down and groan,
Press'd with the burthen of themselves alone,
Crush'd with fantastic mountains they despair,
Their heads are grown vast globes too big to bear,
A little spark becomes a raging flame,

And each weak blast a storm too fierce to tame.
So peevish is the quarrelsome disease,

it ease,

No prosp'rous fortune can procure
Some absent happiness they still pursue,
Dislike the present good, and long for new.

Despair.

SIR RICHARD BLACKMORE.

This is a permanent fear of losing some valuable good, of suffering some dreadful evil, or of remaining in a state of actual misery; without any mixture of hope. It generally succeeds to ineffectual efforts, which have been repeatedly made; and, of consequence, is

excited where no means can be devised equal to the magnitude of the supposed evil. Dr. Cogan,

As despair is extreme, its motions are so likewise: the forehead wrinkles from the top to the bottom; the eye-brows bend down over the eyes, and press one another on the sides of the nose; the eye seems to be on fire, and full of blood; the eye-ball is disturbed, hid under the eye-brow, sparkling and unfixed; the eye-lid is swelled and livid; the nostrils are large, open, and lifted up; the end of the nose sinks down; the muscles, tendons, and veins are swelled and stretched; the upper part of the cheeks is large, marked, and narrow towards the jaw; the mouth, drawn backwards, is more open at the sides than in the middle; the lower lip is large, and turned out; they gnash their teeth; they foam; they bite their lips, which are pale; as is the rest of the face; the hair is straight, and stands on end. Falconer.

Despair, attended with her ghastly train,
Anguish, confusion, horror, howling pain,
Shall at her hideous army's head advance,
And shake against his breast her bloody lance;
Shall draw her troops of terror in array,
Muster her griefs, and horrid war display.
As kings for fight their warlike ranks dispose,
So shall she range her thick embattl'd woes.

He makes his heart a prey to black despair.
He eats not, drinks not, sleeps not, has no use
Of any thing but thought; or if he talks,
'Tis to himself, and then 'tis perfect raving,
Then he defies the world and bids it pass:

Sometimes he gnaws his lips, then draws his mouth
Into a scornful smile.

DRYDEN.

THIRD CLASS.

Love.

Love is the gravitation or weight of the soul towards good, arising from a sense and perception of that good, and its suitableness to give us pleasure, or its agreement with its faculties and taste.