Camma name, which, according to our English mode of spelling, should be, as I have given it, "nshiego. The nshiego is the negro name for the true chimpanzee; and the new species, which I first discovered, and to which the name Troglodytes calvus has been given, they call the nshiego mbouvé, or bald-headed nshiego. The Troglodytes kooloo-kamba they know as the kooloo-kamba, or simply as the koola.

On the bony Structure of the Gorilla and other African Apes.

WE come now to consider the anatomy of the great African apes; and I propose to speak more especially of those points of structure wherein these animals most nearly resemble man. I should state here that naturalists have not, thus far, been able to agree on this question. Some have given to the gorilla the honor of approximating nearest to man in structure, while others reserve this for the chimpanzee. Dr. Jeffries Wyman, the accomplished and distinguished comparative anatomist of Harvard University, was the first to give a scientific account of the cranium and of a part of the skeleton of the gorilla in 1847. To him belongs the honor of having first brought to the knowledge of the scientific world this wonderful animal. In 1849, Dr. Wyman gave another description of two additional crania of the gorilla. In these memoirs he classified this animal in the genus Troglodytes.

In 1848, Professor Richard Owen, the learned curator of the British Museum, published an account of the gorilla in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, and in this he agreed with Dr. Jeffries Wyman, and retained the gorilla in the genus Troglodytes. Since 1848, that illustrious zootomist has written several memoirs, giving extended definitions of the anatomical structure of the gorilla.

Professor Duvernay and Professor Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, of Paris, have written long memoirs on the comparative anatomy of this wonderful animal; and both, after very able scientific description, consider the differences in the osteology, dentition, and outward character of the gorilla to be of sufficient generic importance to create the genus gorilla. They give the trivial name of ngina to the animal.

Professors Duvernay, St. Hilaire, and Dr. Jeffries Wyman agree in putting the gorilla below the chimpanzee in its anthropoid character, while Professor Owen is of opinion that the gorilla is

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ANTHROPOID CHARACTERISTICS OF T. GORILLA.

nearer akin to man than the T. niger or chimpanzee, and does not think that the anatomical peculiarities of the animal are sufficient to make a new genus. On this last point he agrees with Dr. Wyman.

The most important anthropoid characters of the gorilla, which are referred to by Professor Owen in his first memoir, are the following:

"1st. The coalesced central margins of the nasals are projected forward, thus offering a feature of approximation to the human structure, which is very faintly indicated, if at all, in the T. niger [or chimpanzee].

"2d. The inferior or alveolar part of the premaxillaries, on the other hand, is shorter and less prominent in the T. gorilla than in the T. niger; and in that respect the larger species deviate less from man.

"3d. The next character, which is also a more anthropoid one, though explicable in relation to the greater weight of the skull to be poised on the atlas, is the greater prominence of the mastoid processes in the T. gorilla, which are only represented by a rough ridge in the T. niger.

"4th. The ridge which extends from the ecto-pterygoid along the inner border of the foramen ovale terminates in the T. gorilla by an angle or process answering to that called 'styliform' or spinous in man, but of which there is no trace in the T. niger.

"5th. The palate is narrower in proportion to the length in the T. gorilla, but the premaxillary portion is relatively longer in the T. niger."*

In 1849, Dr. Wyman, in referring to the above memoir of Prof. Owen, says, in refutation, and claiming for the chimpanzee a nearer affinity to man: "If, on the other hand, we enumerate those conditions in which the enge-ena [gorilla] recedes farther from the human type than the chimpanzee, they will be found by far more numerous, and by no means less important.

"The larger ridge over the eyes, and the crest on the top of the head and occiput, with the corresponding development of the temporal muscles, form the most striking features. The submaxillary bones articulating with the nasals, as in the other quadrumana and most brutes; the expanded portion of the nasals between the frontals, or an additional osseous element of this prove *Op. cit., vol. iii., Transactions of the Zoological Society, 1848.

PROFESSOR WYMAN'S REMARKS.

413

an independent bone; the vertically broader and more arched zygomata, contrasting with the more slender and horizontal ones of the chimpanzee; the more quadrate foramen lacerum of the orbit; the less perfect infra-orbital canal; the orbits less distinctly defined; the larger and more tumid cheek-bones; the more quadrangular nasal orifice, which is depressed on the floor; the greater length of the ossa palati; the more widely-expanded tympanic cells, extending not only to the mastoid process, but to the squamous portion of the temporal bones-these would, of themselves, be sufficient to counterbalance all the anatomical characters of the (enge-ena) gorilla.

When, however, we add to them the more quadrate outline of the upper jaws; the existence of much larger and more deeply-grooved canines; molars with cups on the outer side, longer and more sharply-pointed; the dentes sapientiæ of equal size with the other molars; the prominent ridge between the outer posterior and the anterior inner cups; the absence of a cristagalli; a cranial cavity almost wholly behind the orbits of the eyes; the less perfectly-marked depressions for the cerebral convolutions; and, above all, the small cranial capacity in proportion to the size of the body, no reasonable grounds for doubt remain that the enge-ena occupies a lower position, and consequently recedes farther from man than the chimpanzee."

Prof. Wyman goes on to say:

"It does not appear that any other bones of the skeletons have as yet fallen into the hands of any European naturalists. A description of some of the more important of them will be found in the memoir above referred* to, in which it will be seen that there are two anthropoid features of some importance, which go to support the views advanced by Prof. Owen. These are the comparative length of the humerus and ulna, the former being seventeen and the latter only fourteen inches, and the proportions of the pelvis. This last is of gigantic size, and is a little shorter in proportion to its breadth than in the niger.

"While the proportions of the ulna and humerus are more nearly human than in the chimpanzee, those of the humerus and femur recede much farther from the human proportions than they do in the chimpanzee, as will be seen by the following measures: * Journal of the Boston Natural History Society, vol. v., p. 417.

"Thus in man the femur is three inches longer than the humerus. In the chimpanzee these bones are nearly of the same length; and in the enge-ena the humerus is three inches longer than the femur, indicating, on the part of the enge-ena, a less perfect adaptation to locomotion in the erect position than in the chimpanzee."

My own observations have led me to the conclusion that the gorilla walks more often in the erect posture than the chimpanzee, and in this I agree with the conclusion of Prof. Owen.

In 1853, 1855, and 1859, Prof. Owen wrote several very minute memoirs from the entire skeleton, and in these is always of the opinion that the gorilla is the nearest akin to man.

"Among the closer anthropoid affinities of the gorilla," he says, 'very significant of the closer affinities of the gorilla is the superior length of arm (humerus) to the fore-arm, as compared with the proportions of those parts in the chimpanzee."

"In the hind limbs, chiefly noticeable was the first appearance, in a quadrumanous series, of a muscular development of the gluteus, causing a small buttock to project over each tuber ischii. This structure, with the peculiar expanse (in quadrumana) of the iliac bones, leads to an inference that the gorilla must naturally, and with more ease, resort occasionally to station and progression on the lower limbs than other ape." any

This statement, as quoted above, agrees entirely with my own observations.

* * *

"The arms in man reach to below the middle of the thigh; in the gorilla they reach nearly to the knee, and in the chimpanzee they reach below the knee. *The humerus in the gorilla, though less long, compared with the ulna, than in man, is longer than in the chimpanzee."+

"The scapula are broader in the gorilla than in the chimpanzee, and come nearer to the proportion of that bone in man. But a more decisive resemblance to the human structure is presented by the iliac bones. In no other ape than the gorilla do they

*On the Classification and Geographical Distribution of the Mammalia, etc., etc., 1859, pp. 70 and 71. + Ibid., p. 78.