reported between the black and white currant, and of the black currant with the gooseberry. The influence of the gooseberry and white currant characters are specially marked in the hybrids. The gooseberry sawfly, which avoids the black currant, feeds freely on the hybrids, and the mildew, which attacks the foliage of the gooseberry but not of the black currant, has been conspicuous on the foliage of the hybrids. The flower clusters are intermediate in characters between the parents, but usually resemble the black currant. No thorns have in any instance been found on the wood. The hybrids have produced flowers in abundance, but the past season no fruit was set.

Several hybrids have been obtained between the cultivated red raspberry, known as the Marlboro, and an improved form of a blackberry, known as the Agawam. One of these plants is expected to fruit the present year.

On starch and chlorophyll formation, E. BELZUNG (Jour. Bot. France, 9 (1895), Nos. 2, pp. 33-40; 3, pp. 41-49; 4, pp. 61-72; 6, pp. 101–108; 7, pp. 134–136; 8, pp. 137–153; 10, pp. 181–189, pls. 2, figs. 2).– The author has considered the phenomena of the formation of starch and chlorophyll grains (1) in the embryo in the process of formation, (2) in the embryo during germination, (3) in the adult green leaves, and (4) in the fruit. The first phases are concerned with the construction of chlorophyll grains, while phases of degeneration are shown in the fruits.

According to the author the first process taking place in the embryo is the formation of starch, a result of the activity of the protoplasm. The elaboration of the chlorophyll bodies is subsequent to starch formation, the starch grain intervening in the formation of the chlorophyll body. The chlorophyll pigment is usually diffused in the protoplasm of the young embryo, and it is rare that true chlorophyll grains are formed thus early. The substratum of the future chlorophyll body (the leucite or plastid) is always formed before the full maturity of the seed. The chromatophores are represented by small colorless or yellowish granular masses, which become green in the course of germination. The protoplasm always presents a reticulated appearance and deposits here and there along its strands minute starch grains. By a sort of intravacuolar growth the protoplasm within the amyliferous vacuoles, nourished by the starch and the principles held in its solution, becomes at last a kind of chromatophore or leucite, the starch being gradually resorbed. An exception to this rule is made in the case of starch grains destined to constitute the reserve material of the ripe seed. These continue to increase in size in the meshes where they were originally deposited.

In the case of the embryo of the white lupine, the author states that as a consequence of one part not forming reserve starch and the other using all it can lay hold of to form chromatophores, the mature seed is wanting in starch, but abundantly supplied with chromatophores.

In

other cases, as in the kidney bean, the resorption of starch is only partially completed at the time of maturity, and numerous chromatophores may be found still containing starch granules. Consequently the mature embryo will present either simple grains of reserve starch and chromatophores in a transitory stage, or chromatophores arranged in the meshes of the cellular protoplasm.

The phenomena observed during the processes of germination are essentially the same as those already noted in the embryo develop ment. In proportion as the embryo becomes green and the mass of green corpuscles more abundant, the reserve starch grains are resorbed, showing that they are used as the material for the building up of the chlorophyll grains. In those parts of the hypocotyl and cotyledons which are well illuminated the resorption of the starch grains is complete, while in the central parenchyma of the axis the starch may remain in part or wholly unchanged.

In the adult green organs, notably the leaves, the starch grains which are formed in the light within the mass of chlorophyll bodies are a product of the assimilating power of the chlorophyll, a kind of secretion of the green substance.

In the study of the fruit the interest is in the fact that toward maturity the chlorophyll bodies are gradually filled by starch grains, until finally all that remains of the original body is an almost invisible thin pellicle. The author considers the resorption of the chlorophyll which takes place at the time of the autumnal fall of the leaves as almost wholly completed within the fruit before it ripens.

The author states that the two essential phases in the life history of a plant are: "The embryonic, during which the green cell is built up and maintained by material which it has not elaborated, and the adult phase, during which the creative activity is concerned in the renewal of the embryonic conditions; the two constituting a remarkable example of the reversibility of organic activity."

Synopsis of North American Amarantaceæ, E. B. ULINE and W. L. BRAY (Bot. Gaz., 20 (1895), No. 8, pp. 337-344).—A synopsis is given of the following genera: Frolichia, Gossypianthus, Guilleminia, and Cladothrix.

Some recent investigations and a critical review of the Exoscaceæ, R. SADEBECK (Ber, deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 6, pp. 265–280, table 1).

The genus Sanicula in the eastern United States, E. P. BICKNELL (Torrey Bul., 22 (1895), No. 8, pp. 351–361, pls. 5).—Critical notes on this genus are given and 2 new species, S. gregaria and S. trifoliata, are described.

Vanillas of commerce (Kew Misc. Bul. 104, pp. 169–178).—Technical descriptions and critical notes are given on the various species of vanilla employed in commerce. On three new genera of Uredineæ, P. DIETEL (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 7, pp. 332-335, figs. 2).—Maseeella, Phakospora, and Schizospora are described as new genera.

Concerning the genus Uredinopsis, P. DIETEL (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 7, pp. 326-332, pl. 1).-The position of the genus is critically discussed and 3 species described, U. filicina, U. struthiopteridis, and U. pteridis, the last being new.

Observations on Puccinia mirabilissima, W. C. BLASDALE (Erythea, 3 (1895), No. 9, pp. 131–135, pl. 1).—The author calls attention to the possibility of this being a connecting form between the genera Puccinia and Phragmidium.

Notes on Ustilago esculenta, K. MIYABE (Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 9 (1895), pp. 194–197). Development of vegetable physiology, J. C. ARTHUR (Bot. Gaz., 20 (1895), No. 9, pp. 381-402; and Science, n. ser., 2 (1895), No. 38, pp. 360–373).—Address of the vice-president, Section G, at the convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Springfield, Massachusetts, August 29, 1895.

On the origin of cultivated plants, G. BATTANCHON (Prog. Agr. et Vit., 12 (1895), No. 30, pp. 93-96).

How far are the plant and animal bodies conformable in their chemical composition and in their metabolic transformations? E. SCHULZE (Natur. Ges. Zurich, 39 (1894), No. 3; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 6-7, pp. 180-184).

Current problems in plant morphology, I, C. MACMILLAN (Science, n. ser., (1895), No. 33, pp. 183, 184).

2

A study of some anatomical characters of North American Gramineæ, T. HOLM (Bot. Gaz., 20 (1895), No. 8, pp. 362–365, pl. 1).—The anatomical structure of the leaves of Leersia lenticularis, L. virginica, L. monandra, and L. hexandra is figured and described.

Concerning the Brownian movement, C. MALTEZOS (Compt. Rend., 121 (1895), No. 6, pp. 303-305).

Contribution to the study of germination, T. SCHLÖSSING, jr. (Compt. Rend., 120 (1895), No. 23, pp. 1278-1280).

On the circulation of phosphate of lime in plants, L. VAUDIN (Compt. Rend., 121 (1895), No. 8, pp. 362–364).

On the presence and rôle of starch in the embryo sac of cactus and Mesembrianthemum, E. DE HUBERT (Compt. Rend., 121 (1835), No. 2, pp. 135–137).

On the mucilage canals of Marattiaceæ, G. BREBNER (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot., 30 (1895), No. 211, pp. 444-451, pl. 1).

On the nuclei of the Uredineæ, POIRAULT and RACIBORSKI (Compt. Rend., 121 (1895), No. 6, pp. 308-310).

Origin and rôle of nuclei in the formation of spores and in the act of fecundation of the Uredineæ, SAPPIN-TROUFFY (Compt. Rend., 121 (1895), No. 8, pp. 364–366).

The nucleolus, R. BEER (Nat. Sci., 7 (1895), No. 43, pp. 185-192).-The author reviews the literature of the subject, and calls attention to our imperfect knowledge of the chemical, structural, and physiological relations of the nucleolus.

The teleutospores of Uredo aspidiotus, P. MAGNUS (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 6, pp. 285-288, pl. 1).

Concerning the mineral requirements of the plant cell, O. LOEW (Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 6-7, pp. 161–170).

On stipules, their form and functions, II, J. LUBBOCK (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot., 30 (1895), No. 211, pp. 463-532, figs. 7).

On year ring formation, G. HABERLANDT (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 7, pp. 837, 338).

Albuminoids and carbohydrates as assimilation products of green leaves, W. SAPOZNIKOW (Inaug. Diss. Tomsk, 1894, pp. 61, pl. 1; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 8, pp. 246–251).

Root tubercles of Leguminosæ, E. F. SMITH (Amer. Nat., 29 (1895), No. 346, pp. 898-903).—An abstract of Gonnermann's article in Landw. Jahrb., 23 (1894), No. 405, p. 649 (E. S. R., 6, p. 784).

Concerning the nitrogen assimilation of certain legumes, their relation to agriculture, with special reference to Swiss conditions, J. BILLWILLET (Inaug. Diss. Bern, 1895, pp. 50; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), Nɔ. 4-5, pp. 152, 153).

Organisms in soil assimilating nitrogen from the atmosphere, R. WARINGTON (Agl. Students' Gaz., 1895, July, pp. 105-108).

Teratological notes, F. E. LLOYD (Torrey Bul., 22 (1895), No. 9, pp. 396, 397, pl. 1).— Notes are given on Quercus garryana.

Concerning seasonal dimorphism as the starting point for the formation of new species in the plant world, R. VON WETTSTEIN (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 7, pp. 303-313, pl. 1, fig. 1).

Supplement to the Portland Catalogue of Maine Plants, M. L. FERNALD (Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 2 (1895), No. 3, pp. 73-96).-The author has given a critical list of 155 species of phanerogams and vascular cryptogams as an addition to the previously published Portland Catalogue. In a general summary it is shown that of flowering plants and higher cryptogams there are known to be 1,656 species and varieties growing within the State.

Contributions to the arboreal flora of Java, S. H. KOORDERS and T. VALETON (Mededeel's Lands Plantentuin, No. 14, pp. 228).—This is Part II of the author's Arboreal Flora of Java.

Contributions to the Queensland flora, F. M. BAILEY (Dept. Agr. Brisbane, Bul. 10, pp. 43, figs. 2).-Critical notes and descriptions are given of Queensland plants. The popular names with their botanical equivalents are given for an extensive list of plants.

New fungi from various localities, J. B. ELLIS and B. M. EVERHART (Torrey Bul., 22 (1895), No. 8, pp. 362–364).—Fomes tinctoria, Ustilago arenariæ, U. mulfordiana, U. monilifera, Puccinia ligustici, P. nesææ, Ravenelia arizonica, Doassania affinis, Ecidium sphæralcea, and Peronospora whippleæ are described.

The popular use of wild plants, A. CHABERT (Bul. Herb. Boissier, 3 (1895), Nos. 6, pp. 291-301; 7, pp. 334-344).—Descriptions are given of those plants which are commonly used in popular medicine, as dyes, oils, wood, liquors, and those reputed as being poisonous.

BACTERIOLOGY FERMENTATION.

Concerning the axes and planes of bacilli, O. MÜLLER (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 5, pp. 221-224, pl. 1).

Bacteria of sputa and the cryptogamic flora of the mouth, II, F. VICENTINI (Internat. Jour. Micr. and Nat. Sci., 5 (1895), No. 27, pp. 300-323).

The physical and chemical explanation of fermentation phenomena, E. PRIOR (Wochenschr. Bierbrauerei, 1895, p. 141; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), No. 12, pp. 442–446).

Studies on immunity, E. METCHNIKOFF (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 9 (1895), No. 6, pp. 462-506, pl. 1).—On the extra-cellular destruction of bacteria in the organism.

On natural pure cultures of yeasts, M. DELBRÜCK (Wochenschr. Brauerei, 1895, Nos. 3, 4, and 5; abs. in Bot. Centbl. Beiheft, 5 (1895), No. 3, pp. 221-227).

Laboratory guide for the bacteriologist, L. FROTHINGHAM (London: Henry Kempton, 1895).-Gives instructions for the preparation of specimens, staining methods, culture media, etc.

The peptonizing bacteria of cows' milk, S. STERLING (Centbl. Bakt. und Pår. Allg., 1 (1895), No. 13-14, pp. 473–482; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 19 (1895), No. 64, Repert., p. 221).

Concerning Link's lactic acid-forming Vibrios, GosIO (Arch. Hyg., 21 (1894), p. 114; abs. Centbl. Bakt, und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), No. 2, p. 89).

Determination of the heat disengaged in alcoholic fermentation, A. BOUFFARD (Compt., Rend., 121 (1895), No. 8, pp. 357-360; Prog. Agr. et Vit., 12 (1895), No. 39, pp. 345-347).

Investigations concerning the yeast species and sugar-forming fungi of arrack production, F. A. F. C. WENT and H. C. P. GEERLIGS (Verhandl. Kgl. Acad. Wissensch. Amsterdam, ser. 2, 1895, IV, No. 2; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 4-5, pp. 148-150).

On the detection of laccase in plants, G. BERTRAND (Compt. Rend., 121 (1895), No. 3, pp. 166–168).

Action of diastase on starch, A. R. LANE and J. L. BAKER (Jour. Chem. Soc. London, 1895, Aug., pp. 702–708, 739–746).

On the partial reversion of cane sugar through microörganisms, C. FERMI and G. MONTESANO (Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), Nos. 13-14, pp. 482-487; 15-16, pp. 542-556).

Microbes in health and disease, E. M. CROOKSHANK (Jour. Roy. Agl. Soc. England, ser. 3, 6 (1895), No. 22, pp. 343–351) —A popular article dealing in a general way with the classification of bacteria and with pathogenic organisms.

Investigations on bacteria, H. L. RUSSELL (Bot. Gaz., 20 (1895), No. 9, pp. 419-422).-A review of a paper by A. Fischer in Jahrb. Wiss. Bot., 27 (1895), pp. 1–163. Recent advances in bacteriology with special reference to food, M. V. BALL (Jour. Franklin Inst., 1895, Nov., pp. 340–351).

A contribution to the biology of the florescent bacteria, K. THUMM (Arb. Bakt. Inst. Hochschule, Karlsruhe, 1 (1895), No. 2, p. 291; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 4-5, pp. 114, 115).

A contribution to the knowledge of obligate anaërobic bacteria, R. GERSTNER (Arb. Bakt. Inst. Hochschule, Karlsruhe, 1 (1895), No. 2, p. 148, pls. 2; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 4–5, pp. 115–117).

The significance of bacterial products in the separation of species, P. SCHNEIDER (Arb. Bakt. Inst. Hochschule, Karlsruhe, 1 (1895), No. 2, p. 201; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 63 (1895), No. 8, p. 245).

The use of air-tight and bacteria-proof vessels in bacterial work, R. BURRI (Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), No. 17, pp. 627-629, figs. 2).

Concerning pure cultures in tubes with agar and blood serum, G. BANTI (Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Med., 18 (1895), No. 7. pp. 203, 204).

Concerning agar preparation, L. ZUPNIK (Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Med., 18 (1895), No. 7, p. 202).

On the value of certain mineral salts for fungi, C. WEHMER (Ber. deut. bot. Ges., 13 (1895), No. 5, pp. 257–265).—The author gives the effect of a number of salts when used in nutrient solutions for fungi.

Methods of coloration employed in bacteriology, NICOLLE (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 9 (1895), No. 8, pp. 664–670).

On the bacteria which reduce nitrates and the loss of nitrogen which they cause, R. BURRI and A. STUTZER (Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), Nos. 7-8, pp. 257-265; 9-10, pp. 350–364; 11, pp. 392–398; 12, pp. 422–432).

Concerning the bacteria in manure and their physiological rôle in its decomposition, S. A. SEVERIN (Centbl. Bakt, und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), Nos. 3, pp. 97-104; 4-5, pp. 160-168).

Concerning nitrification, R. BURRI (Centbl. Bakt, und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), No8. 1, pp. 22-26; 2, pp. 80-84).—A résumé and bibliography.

Contributions on the morphology of the organisms of nitrification (Arch. Sci. biol. Imp. Inst. Med. St. Petersburg, 1, No. 1-2, p. 87; abs. in Centbl. Bakt, und Par. Allg., 1 (1895), No. 6, pp. 243–245).

Nitrate-reducing bacteria and their effect on the nitrogen of barnyard manure, S. KOENEN (Orgaan Ver. Oudleer. Kijks. Landbouwschool, 7 (1895), No. 85, pp. 221, 222).

The resistance of spores of Aspergillus fumigatus, RENOU (La semaine medicale, 1895, No. 8; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. und Par. Med., 18 (1895), No. 2-3, p. 79).—The