results of the earlier experiments. The results at slaughtering were as follows:

The earlier experiments indicated that Indian corn has a tendency to produce a poor quality of pork, and the same tendency appears in the preceding results. Dividing the pigs into 4 classes according to quality, 92 per cent of those fed on barley alone were placed in the first 2 classes, while only 62 per cent of those fed corn throughout came within these classes, and 14 per cent came in class 4 (poor carcasses sold at a discount). The figures given for softness of the pork, 1 being taken as perfect, show an increase with the length of time corn was fed. Danish vs. Russian barley.-Considerable quantities of Russian barley are each year imported into Denmark and fed to cattle. Three series. of experiments were conducted to compare the feeding value of Danish and Russian barley, using 80 pigs in all, averaging about 49 lbs. The average daily gain in live weight was 1.04 lbs. for the pigs on Danish barley and 1.06 lbs. for those on Russian barley.

The 2 kinds of barley proved very nearly equal in feeding value, and analysis showed no marked difference in composition.

Food required per pound of gain.-Sixteen experiments with large hogs were conducted to study the relative value of dairy by-products, grains, roots, oil cakes, etc. In the main these experiments, which included 355 animals in all, gave similar results to those obtained with young animals in the earlier series of pig feeding experiments by this station. One pound of barley was found equivalent to 6 lbs. of centrif ugal skim milk or to 12 lbs. of whey from centrifugal skim-milk cheese. The following table shows the amount of "calculated grain," according to the value given above, required for the production of 1 lb. of growth at different periods:

Pounds of food required for 1 lb. of gain at different stages of growth.

The figures given in the last line of the table are the averages of 7 strictly comparable experiments. There is a steady increase in the amount of food required for 1 lb. of gain with the increasing age of the animals. This is apparent when either series of figures given in the table is considered.

Food required per pound of increase in summer and in winter.-The pig feeding experiments conducted by the station since 1887 have been summarized with a view to obtaining information concerning the amount of food required for a pound of growth in summer and in winter, dividing the year roughly. The foods consumed have been reduced to their grain equivalents, all experiments having been included in the calculations where the feeds examined proved of very nearly equal feeding value. The average results of 100 winter and 99 summer experiments are given, each of which included from 25 to 30 animals, so that for each season (summer and winter) the averages represent at least 2,500 pigs. Arranging the pigs in 3 groups according to the live weight, the following average results were obtained:

Food required for 1 lb. of increase in winter and in summer.

The animals ate but slightly more in winter than in summer, but it required 0.44 lb. more grain feed for 1 lb. of gain in winter than in summer. According to American prices for feeding stuffs it would therefore cost not quite half a cent more in winter than in summer to produce a pound of pork, provided these figures are directly applicable to our conditions. The conclusions were not materially modified when only experiments were included which fell inside the 3 summer and the 3 winter months. The average daily temperature, as was ascertained during a number of experiments, was as follows:

Average temperature during pig feeding experiments.

Light vs. heavy feeding.-Incidentally the effect of light and heavy

feeding on the rate of growth in pigs was observed in a large number

of experiments. In a general way there is no marked difference between the amount of food required per pound of gain on light and heavy feeding. Two series of experiments were made with 60 animals in 1894 with the prime object of studying this question. The first of these lasted 210 days and the second 120 days. The food consisted of barley, skim milk, buttermilk, and whey. The following results were obtained:

Rate of growth of pigs on light, medium, and heavy feeding.

The results indicate a tendency toward a lower utilization of the food on the heavier feeding. The data obtained at slaughtering at the conclusion of the preceding experiments showed no appreciable difference between the lots on light, medium, and heavy feeding in the shrinkage, thickness of fat, or softness of the pork. Grading the carcasses into 4 classes, of those on light feeding none fell in class 4 (poorest), while about the same percentage fell in the first 2 classes as in case of those on medium and heavy feeding.

Barrows vs. sows for fattening.-The data obtained in the fattening of 1,216 pigs have been arranged according to sex, with the following results:

The results show that there was practically no difference in the average data obtained for the 2 sexes. When the carcasses were graded 44 per cent of the barrows and 56 per cent of the sows fell in the first class, and 77 per cent of the barrows and 85 of the sows in the first 2 classes.-F. W. WOLL.

Feeding experiments with horses, W. REHNSTRÖM (Landmandsblade, 28 (1895), pp. 251, 252).—Horse bread, prepared from skim milk and oats, was compared with oats as a horse feed. Twenty horses of the Royal Swedish Body Guard, separated into 2 even lots, were fed as follows: Lot 1, 11 lbs. oats, 6.6 lbs. hay, 7.5 lbs. straw, about 1.3 lbs. of the latter being cut and fed with grain; lot 2, first week, 1.1 lbs. of

horse bread, 7.7 lbs. of oats; second week, 3.3 lbs. of horse bread and 5.5 lbs. of oats; third week, 4.4 lbs. of horse bread and 3.3 lbs. of oats. The author concludes that the horse bread fed in twice as large amount as the oats keeps the horses in about as good condition as oats alone. The bread is generally relished by horses, and does not appear to cause constipation, even if fed in large quantities for a number of days. It is less filling and weighs only half as much as a quantity of oats of similar nutritive value. Owing to its mechanical condition it is eaten up clean.

The bread, which contained 5.7 per cent of water and 16.3 per cent of crude protein, has been indorsed by good Swedish authorities as a nutritious and palatable concentrated horse food, fully capable of replacing oats.-F. W. WOLL.

A study of the kola nut, A. CHIASTAN (Montpelier: 1893, pp. 39; abs. in Bot. Centbl. Beiheft, 5 (1895), No. 3, pp. 207-209).

The proteids of wheat, M. O'BRIEN (Ann. Bot., 9 (1895), No. 34, pp. 171–226). New contributions to the study of rape-seed cakes, F. H. WERENSKIOLD (Tidsskr. norske Landbr., 2 (1895), pp. 145–152).—Thlaspi arvense, a common impurity of European rape seed, was found to contain a glucosid-potassium myronate—which is decomposed by a ferment present in the seed into oil of garlic, the quantity of which in the total substance amounted to 0.836 per cent.

Rape-seed cakes and their adulterations, B. GRAM (Bot. Tidsskr., 19 (1894), pp. 116-142, figs. 24).-A monograph on the subject, describing in detail the microscopical technique and the anatomical characteristics of rape seed, and of the seed coats of other plants used for the adulteration of rape-seed cakes.

The potato as a food for animals, A. GIRARD (Bul. Min. Agr. France, 14 (1895), No. 4, pp. 376-403).- In experiments with sheep and cattle a ration composed chiefly of potatoes afforded rapid gains in live weight, a large percentage in dressed weight of the slaughtered animals, and flesh of excellent quality. Cooked potatoes proved more effective and more profitable than uncooked.

On the presence of sulphocyanates in the digestive liquids, M. MENCKE (Ber. deut. Chem. Ges., 28 (1895), No. 10, pp. 1318–1320).

On feeding of molasses, H. NATHORST (Tidsskr. Landtmän, 16 (1895), pp. 245–248, 285-290).

Crossbred sheep, J. H. ELWES and W. J. MALDEN (Jour. Roy. Agl. Soc. England, ser. 3, 6 (1895), No. 22, pp. 221–243).

Dorset down sheep, J. C. CRAIG ( Breeders' Gaz., 1895, July 10, pp. 20, 21, figs. 4).— This article deals with the results obtained in breeding a pure blood Dorset ram to grade Shropshire ewes.

On the influence of the food on the production of milk and butter, J. SEBELIEN (Tidsskr. norske Landbr., 2 (1895), pp. 185–236).—A review of the question of the origin of the fat in the milk and the relation between the food, the chemical composition of the milk, and the character of the butter produced.

Corn or wheat for hogs? (Breeders' Gaz., 1895, July 31, p. 68).-Whole wheat and corn alone and mixed together were fed to hogs. To make 100 lbs. of gain required 438 lbs. of wheat, 453 lbs. of corn, and 425 lbs. of the mixed grain. The hogs were sold at $5.15 per cwt., and afforded a return of 70.5 cts. per bushel for wheat and 63.3 cts. for corn.

Measurements of swine, JUNGHAUS (Landhote, 16 (1895), No. 26, pp. 244, 245).— A record of average measurements of numerous prize animals of several breeds and a statement regarding the advantages of making measurements.

Horse raising in Denmark during 1894, J. JENSEN (Tidsskr. Landökon, 14 (1895), pp. 59-77).

The care of poultry (Monthly Bul. Bureau of American Republics, 1895, June, pp. 787-796) —A popular article on feeding and management.

Animal husbandry in Denmark during 1894, A. APPEL (Tidsskr. Landökon, 14 (1895), pp. 78-97).

VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE.

Parturient apoplexy of cows, R. R. DINWIDDIE (Arkansas Sta. Bul. 35, pp. 138-143).-This disease usually occurs within 3 days after calving, and cows once attacked are liable to a recurrence at the next calving. The nature, symptoms, and preventive and remedial treatment are discussed. The author regards the cause of the disease as not positively known. In examining 3 cows which had died of this disease he found bacteria in the contents of the uterus immediately after death. These bacteria proved inocuous when subsequently injected into small animals. The treatment recommended is based on the view that in the first stages of the disease there is a hyperæmic condition of the brain, followed later by an oedema and consequent anæmic condition. Tincture of aconite, and if practicable a purgative, are given in the earlier stages, and a stimulant in the later stages. The head should be kept cool by applications of ice or cold water.

Verminous bronchitis, R. R. DINWIDDIE (Arkansas Sta. Bul. 35, pp. 130-138, figs. 3).-Verminous or parasitic bronchitis, caused by the presence in the air tubes or lungs of small, round worms belonging to the genus Strongylus, attacks cattle, sheep, and hogs. The life history of the worms is traced and the symptoms of the disease described. Wet pastures and those containing pools of stagnant water are the most favorable to the growth and dissemination of these parasites, which gain access to the air passages of grazing animals.

Coughing is but one of the prominent symptoms of verminous bronchitis. This trouble is most prevalent in a year with a wet summer preceded by a mild winter.

When this disease occurs the sound and affected animals should be separated and both should be placed on dry, uninfected pastures free from pools of stagnant water. Special treatment is not considered advisable for sheep, except for high priced animals. It has been recommended to combat these parasites by driving sheep or young calves into a close shed and burning tar, rags, hair, leather, or sulphur as long as the operator can safely bear the operation. Calves are sometimes treated by inserting a hypodermic syringe between the rings of the windpipe and injecting into the inside a mixture of equal parts of turpentine and sweet oil, to which also carbolic acid in the proportion of 12 to 20 drops to a tablespoonful of the mixture is sometimes added. Two or more injections at intervals of several days are considered necessary, and the work needs to be carefully and thoroughly done.