of single and continued uptake, physical decay and biological elimination of activity, biological half-life and effective half-life are considered. Emphasis is given the responsibility of the radioisotope user to other members of the laboratory and to the public.

Practice of Radiological Safety (PMF 5145–F). 33 minutes. Sale price: $63.62.

Depicts visit through a radioisotope laboratory, and discusses handling of radioisotope shipments; preparation of therapeutic doses; need for and function of a local radioisotope committee; laboratory design; decontamination; use of shielding; measurement of personnel exposure, and other topics pertinent to health safety.

Radioisotopes in Agricultural Research (PMF 5147– B). 40 minutes. Sale price: $79.28.

Explains the following three classes of work: (1) use of phosphorus 32 in large-scale field tests of fertilizers; (2) use of cobalt 60 in micronutrient studies with large domestic animals (a related study concerning the incorporation of inorganic cobalt into Vitamin B 12 is included); and (3) use of calcium 45 in macroneutrient problems. Film concludes by mentioning other ways in which radioisotopes are used in agricultural research. Health safety procedures and techniques unique to largescale field and animal research are stressed.

The Radioisotope in General Sciences (PMF 5147– C). 46 minutes. Sale price: $90.16.

Shows that the radioisotope is a research tool adaptable to tracer investigations in all branches of general science by tracing eight experiments illustrating how radioisotopes can be used in metallurgy, chemistry, biochemistry, and plant physiology, shown in the order of increasing complexity as follows: (1) self diffusion of solid copper; (2) study of vapor pressure over metallic silver; (3) exchange of chloride ions in solid and liquid; (4) exchange of sodium and potassium through cell wall; (5) rearrangement of atoms within a molecule, Wolff rearrangement of a diazoketone; (6) metabolism of cholesterol from sodium acetate in liver; (7) fate of carbon atoms during metabolism of glycine in blood; and (8) tracing the chemical path of carbon during photosynthesis in algae. Methodology of tracer research is illustrated and techniques such as isotope dilution and two-dimensional paper chromatography are introduced.

Medicine (USIA's "Atoms for Peace" series). Produced by the U.S. Information Agency. Four sequences show some of the uses of radioactive materials in medical diagnosis and therapy. At the Massachusetts General Hospital, radioisotopes and specialized radiation counters are used to locate a brain tumor and aid in its successful removal. At the University of California at Los Angeles, an atomic tracer and a special radiation counter team up to diagram the thyroid area, a technique useful in both diagnosis and therapy of malfunctioning or cancerous thyroids. At the Oak Ridge Cancer Research Hospital, radioactive materials are used in cancer therapy research. At the University of California at Berkeley, radioactive materials are teamed with radiation counters and ultra-centrifuges to study blood diseases and hardening of the arteries.

20 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $50.78 from United World Films, Inc., 1445 Park Avenue, New York 29, N.Y. Loan (free) from the USAEC and field offices. Prints borrowed from AEC are cleared for local (not network) television, providing the film is used in its entirety. If possible, the local TV station is requested to give the following spoken credit: "This film, which was produced for use in the United States overseas information program, is shown here through the cooperation of the U.S. Information Agency and the Atomic Energy Commission."

Agriculture Industry and Power (USIA's "Atoms for Peace" series). Produced by the U.S. Information Agency. Shows how radiation is used to develop stronger strains of weather- and disease-resistant crop plants of higher yield, using corn as an example. Also shows use of radioactive tracers in the study of fertilizers and how domestic animals use specific elements in food. The industrial uses of radiography, engine wear studies, and synthetic gasoline studies are illustrated. An explanation of the nature of nuclear reactors and particularly power reactors is given with

views of the Water Boiler Reactor at Los Alamos and the Experimental Breeder Reactor in Idaho.

20 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $50.67 from United World Films, Inc., 1445 Park Avenue, New York 29, N.Y. Loan (free) from the USAEC and field offices. Prints borrowed from AEC are cleared for local (not network) television, providing the film is used in its entirety. If possible, the local TV station is requested to give the following spoken credit: "This film, which was produced for use in the United States overseas information program, is shown here through the cooperation of the U.S. Information Agency and the Atomic Energy Commission."

The Atom in Industry. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. Illustrates some important industrial applications of the atom. A model of an atomic power plant illustrates the conversion of heat from atomic energy into electricity. Experiments at AEC's Knolls Laboratory show how the vital heat-transfer problems are studied. The actual use of atomic thickness gauges in an individual plant is covered. Detailed pictures of the process using an atomic source to make "X-rays" of giant castings to detect flaws. Other industrial uses are suggested.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. The Atom and the Doctor. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. Shows three applications of atomic energy in medicine. Diagnosis of a thyroid condition through radioactive iodine. Testing for leukemia, and other blood disorders, through the use of radioiron. Cancer research and treatment at AEC's Oak Ridge Cancer Research Hospital using radiogallium. This includes intravenous injection of radiogallium, removing a bone sample from the patient, and analysis of this sample by a radiochemist. Explained simply, logically, and completely for general audiences.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. The Atomic Greenhouse. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. This picture shows, step by step, the process of using radioisotopes to trace lime (fertilizer) absorbed from the soil into a plant. It shows the method of determining the amount of lime so utilized, and explains why such tests will improve and enlarge our farm crops by determining more efficient use of valuable fertilizers. Filmed at the U.S. Department of Agriculture Laboratory at Beltsville, Md.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation. 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer.

Tagging the Atom. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. The story of one of the most important scientific research tools of all time: The atomic tracer. Complete details of the "manufacture" of these radioisotopes, including their production at AEC's Oak Ridge reactor, the method of handling them, their purification and packaging. Some of the many valuable uses for these atomic tracers are explained.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. The Atomic Zoo. Produced by Handel Film Corporation. Experiments with sheep, fowl, and fish to determine how radioactivity will affect our basic food products. These visually documented tests are of great educational value. They answer the questions of those who are wondering about the effect of the atomic age on plants and livestock important to the American economy.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. The Atomic Pharmacy. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. A revealing and pictorially fascinating film on the storage and handling of atomic tracers. Illustrates the amazing remote-control tools for safely manipulating radioactive liquids. Film explains their uses in hospitals, research laboratories, and by industrial organizations.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. Protecting the Atomic Worker. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. Shows the comprehensive safeguards used to protect the men and women working in atomic energy against the dangers of radiation, illustrating the extreme care with which these employees are constantly shielded and tested and the methods of decontamination at the slightest indication that irradiation is present. A reassuring and informative picture designed to dispel many misconceptions.

12 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. The Industrial Atom. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. Industry is finding ever increasing uses for the products of atomic energy. The petroleum industry alone uses many applications. The use of radioactive piston rings makes it possible to deter

mine the quality of oils. A scraper stuck in a pipeline can be quickly located with the help of an atomic source and a radiation counter. Leaks in pipes imbedded in cement can be pin-pointed by the use of atomic tracers.

12 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. Atomic Biology for Medicine. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. The advice you get from your doctor is usually preceded by millions of hours of research in the field of biomedicine. Discusses various research experiments using atomic energy as an effective tool. Dust inhalation tests made with animals at the Atomic Energy Project at U.C.L.A. will help to protect workers in the atomic energy industry. At Oak Ridge the eyes of mice are examined for epects of radiation. Animals are further used to study the effects of radiation on cell division, bones, other tissue, and tumors.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. The Riddle of Photosynthesis. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. There would be no life on earth without photosynthesis because there would be no food. Photosynthesis-the complex process by which plants produce food-has long been a mystery. Now, thanks to the use of radioactive carbon, scientists are making great progress in this field. If man can learn nature's way of making food, he might be able to duplicate this process in a factory. This film

takes us to AEC's Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley where, step by step, one of the experiments which help solve the riddle of photosynthesis is discussed. Animation helps to explain some of the key steps.

121⁄2 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer. Atoms for Health. Produced by the Handel Film Corporation. Thanks to atomic energy, entirely new methods of diagnosis and treatment are being developed in medicine. This picture shows two illustrations: A new diagnostic test of a patient's liver which was made possible through the use of an atomic tracer, and a demonstration of a new cobalt source, the "Theratron," one of the radiation weapons in science's fight against cancer. We follow the case histories step by step. This film was shot at the Medical Center at U.C.L.A.

12 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $65.00; source, Handel Film Corporation, 6926 Melrose Avenue, Hollywood 38, California. Available on limited loan from the USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television except by special permission of the producer.

The Atom and Biological Science. Produced by Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc. Identifies and illustrates the uses of radioactivity in several areas of biology: the effects of radiation on growth and heredity of plants and animals; tracer studies; photosynthesis studies; and the measures to protect the investigating scientists.

12 minutes, 16mm, black and white, sound. Purchase, $50.00; source, Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc., Wilmette, Illinois. Loan (free) from USAEC and field offices. NOT cleared for television.

PART 20-STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

RADIATION

In July 1955 the Commission issued for public comment a proposed regulation to establish general standards for protection of licensees, their employees, and the public against radiation hazards arising out of the possession or use of special nuclear, source, or byproduct material under license issued by AEC. In preparing the effective regulation published below, the Commission has had the benefit of numerous comments and suggestions received since publication of the proposed rules. A number of changes suggested by those comments have been incorporated in the following regulation.

The regulation establishes standards which must be followed in handling radioactive materials which are subject to the licensing authority of the Commission and provides procedures whereby deviations from such standards may be authorized on a case-tocase basis. The regulation prescribes limits which govern exposure of personnel to radiation and concentrations of radioactive material, which may be discharged into air and water, and disposal of radioactive wastes. It also establishes certain precautionary procedures and administrative controls.

The standards established by this regulation will be found to agree substantially with those published by the National Committee on Radiation Protection in N.B.S. Handbook 52 "Maximum Permissible Amounts of Radioisotopes in the Human Body and Maximum Permissible Concentrations in Air and Water," and N.B.S. Handbook 59 "Permissible Dose from External Sources of Ionizing Radiation." The National Committee on Radiation Protection has under review recommendations to limit cumulative exposures over periods of years. The Commission is giving consideration to appropriate amendments to its regulations to deal with this cumulative exposure problem.

Limitations upon levels of radiation and concentrations of radioactive material in areas affected by but not controlled by the licensee are contained principally in § 20.102 ("Permissible Levels of Radiation in Unrestricted Areas"), § 20.103 ("Concentrations in Efflu

ents to Unrestricted Areas"), and the sections on waste disposal. The sections are designed to assure that individuals in "unrestricted areas" do not receive exposure in excess of 10 percent of the limits established for persons exposed in restricted areas. For this purpose, the sections limit levels of radiation and concentrations of radioactive material which may be created in unrestricted areas by licensees, without special authorization from the AEC, to extremely low levels. These levels are believed to be sufficiently low to assure that there is no reasonable probability of individuals in unrestricted areas receiving exposures in excess of 10 percent of the permissible levels for restricted areas. Procedures are incorporated in those sections, however, under which the Commission may authorize licensees in specific cases to create higher levels in unrestricted areas where the circumstances of the particular case are such as to provide reasonable assurance that individuals in the unrestricted areas will not receive exposures in excess of 10 percent of the limitation established for restricted areas.

It is believed that the standards incorporated in these regulations provide, in accordance with present knowledge, a very substantial margin of safety for exposed individuals. It is believed also that the standards are practical from the standpoint of licensees. It should be emphasized that the standards are subject to change with the development of new knowledge, with significant increase in the average exposure of the whole population to radiation, and with further experience in the administration of the Commission's regulatory program.

Pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act, Public Law 404, 79th Congress, 2d Session, the following rules are published as a document subject to codification to be effective 30 days after publication in the FEDERAL REGISTER.

§ 20.1 Purpose. (a) The regulations in this part establish standards for protection against radiation hazards arising out of activities under licenses issued by the Atomic Energy Commission and are issued pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (68 Stat. 919).

(b) The use of radioactive material or other sources of radiation not licensed by the Commission is not subject to the regulations in this part. However, it's the purpose of the regulation in this part to control the possession, use, and transfer of licensed material by any licensee in such a manner that exposure to such material and to radiation from such material, when added to exposures to unlicensed radioactive material and to other unlicensed sources of radiation in the possession of the licensee, and to radiation therefrom, does not exceed the standards of radiation protection prescribed in the regulations in this part. § 20.2 Scope. The regulations in this part apply to all persons who receive, possess, use or transfer byproduct material, source material, or special nuclear material under a general or specific license issued by the Commission pursuant to the regulations in Part 30, 40, or 70 of this chapter.

§ 20.3 Definitions. (a) As used in this part: (1) "Act" means the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (68 Stat. 919) including any amendments thereto;

(2) "Airborne radioactive material" means any radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases;

(3) "Byproduct material" means any radioactive material (except special nuclear material) yielded in or made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or utilizing special nuclear material;

(4) "Commission" means the Atomic Energy Commission or its duly authorized representatives;

(5) "Government agency" means any executive department, commission, independent establishment, corporation, wholly or partly owned by the United States of America which is an instrumentality of the United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the executive branch of the Government; (6) "Individual" means any human being; (7) "Licensed material" means source material, special nuclear material, or byproduct material received, possessed, used, or transferred under a general or specific license issued by the Commission pursuant to the regulations in this chapter;

(8) "License" means a license issued under the regulations in Part 30, 40, or 70 of this chapter. "Licensee" means the holder of such license;

(9) "Person" means (i) any individual, corporation, partnership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, Government agency other than the Commission, any State, any foreign government or nation or any political subdivision of any such government or nations, or other entity; and (ii) any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing;

(10) "Radiation" means any or all of the following: alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, and other atomic particles; but not sound or radio waves, or visible, infrared, or ultraviolet light;

(11) "Radioactive material" includes any such material whether or not subject to licensing control by the Commission;

(12) "Restricted area" means any area access to which is controlled by the licensee. "Restricted area" shall not include any areas used as residential quarters, although a separate room or rooms in a residential building may be set apart as a restricted area;

(13) “Source material" means any material except special nuclear material, which contains by weight one-twentieth of one percent (0.05 percent or more of (i) uranium, (ii) thorium, or (iii) any combination thereof;

(14) "Special nuclear material" means (i) plutonium, uranium 233, uranium enriched in the isotope