Naturalization—Continued.

for filing with the clerk of the court to be attached to his petition. If he is married he must state the name of his wife and, if possible, the country of her nativity and her place of residence at the time of the filing of his petition, and, if he has children, the name, date and place of birth and present place of residence of each living child. The petition must set forth that he is not a believer in or opposed to organized government, or a member of or affiliated with any organization or body of persons teaching disbelief in or opposition to organized government; that he is not a polygamist or a believer in the practice of polygamy, and that he absolutely and forever renounces all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign country of which he may, at the time of filing such petition, be a citizen or subject. This petition must be verified at the time it is filed by the affidavit of two credible witnesses, who are citizens of the United States and who shall state that they have known the petitioner during his entire residence in the state in which the petition is filed, which must be not less than one year, and that they have known him to be a resident of the United States continuously during the five years immediately preceding the filing of the petition; that during such time he acted as a man of good moral character, attached to the princi-les of the Constitution of the United States and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same. If a portion of the five years has been passed by the petitioner in some other state than that in which he resides at the time of filing his petition the affidavit of the witness may verify so much of the petitioner's residence as has been passed in the state, and the portion of said five years' residence out of the state may be shown by depositions at the time of hearing on the petition.

No petition may be heard until the expiration of at least ninety days after it is filed nor within thirty days preceding a general election. At the hearing upon a petition, which shall be a date fixed by order of the court, the witnesses are required to again attend and testify in open court so that the judge or judges thereof may be satisfied that the petitioner is qualified and that he has complied with all the requirements of the law.

An alien who has borne a hereditary title or been a member of an order or nobility must renounce such title or position expressly before becoming naturalized. No alien may become naturalized, if physically capable, who does not speak the English language.

Aliens who are admitted to citizenship by order in open court will be required to take the oath of allegiance and thereafter will be entitled to a certificate of naturalization.

The law also provides as to those persons who, though not citizens, owe permanent allegiance to the United States, and who may become citizens of any state or organized territory of the United States, that they may be naturalized upon compliance with all the requirements of the law, except that they will not be called upon to renounce allegiance to any foreign Sovereignty.

At the time of filing his declaration of Intention an alien is required to pay to the clerk of the court a fee of one dollar.

At

the time of filing a petition for naturalization a petitioner is required to pay to the clerk of the court a fee of four dollars.

The naturalization of Chinamen is expressly prohibited by Sec. 14, Chap. 126, Laws of 1882.

Naturalization:

Act on subject of uniform rule of, vetoed, 508.

Discussed by President-
Adams, John, 248.
Arthur, 4715, 4828.
Buchanan, 3171.

Cleveland, 4921, 5090, 5366, 5370.
Grant, 3990, 4193, 4245, 4299, 4359.
Harrison, Benj., 5472, 5478, 5551.
Jefferson, 319.

Johnson, 3715, 3778.
Lincoln, 3381.
Madison, 508, 559.

Roosevelt, 6788, 6790, 6915, 6917,
6935, 7002, 7003, 7055.
Taft, 7372, 7543, 7689.
Washington, 58.

Frauds in, 4245, 4299, 4359, 6916.
Germany, 4419, 4520, 4625, 4916,
5084, 5471, 5869.
Russia, 5961.

Switzerland, 4715, 6337.

Turkey, 4920, 5089, 5872, 5962, 6337.
Treaty regarding, with-
Austria-Hungary, 4069, 4098, 4142.
Bavaria, 3888.
Belgium, 3892.

Denmark, 4160, 4193.
Ecuador, 4119, 4193.
Germany, 3828, 3829, 3830, 3888.
Questions arising under, referred
to, 4419, 4520, 4625, 4916, 5084,
5471, 5869.

Great Britain, 3894, 3956, 4014,
4056, 4077.

Prussia, 3827.

Sweden and Norway, 4033, 4142.
Turkey, 4258, 5398.

Question arising out of, 4920, 5089, 5878, 5962, 6337. Württemberg, 3997.

Naturalization, Federal Bureau of, recommended, 7382.

Naturalization Laws:

Laws regarding expatriation and election of nationality, discussed, 3656, 3778, 4193, 4245, 4300, 4359, 4921. (See also Impressment; Naturalized Citizens.)

Revision of, recommended, 58, 60, 248, 319, 508, 559, 4359, 4828, 4921, 5090, 5370, 5478, 6240, 6789, 6790, 6916, 6917, 6935, 7002, 7003, 7055. Naturalization of Filipinos, 7689. Naturalized Citizens (see also Aliens): Address to, 8066.

Allegiance of, to native government discussed, 3778.

Bureau of registration of. (See Registration Bureau.)

Distinctions not to be recognized be

tween native citizens and, 3172. Duties of citizenship evaded by, discussed, 5370.

Naturalized Citizens-Continued. Impressed into military service of foreign countries, 3121, 3656, 6425.

By France, discussed and referred to, 3171, 3715, 5199, 5366. Italy, referred to, 5673. Prussia, discussed and referred to, 3120, 3123, 3715, 3778. Returning to native country and claiming citizenship in United States, discussed, 3381, 3990, 4193, 4245, 4299.

Navajo Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Naval Academy. (See Navy, Department of.)

Naval Academy.-An Institution for the training of naval officers, founded at Annapolis, Md., in 1845, through the efforts of George Bancroft, then Secretary of the Navy. The Academy was not established by formal legislation of Congress, but was opened in October, 1845, under orders from the Secretary of the Navy. It was not until Aug. 10, 1846, that Congress took any action toward the encouragement of the enterprise. At that time $28,000 was appropriated for repairs, improvement and instruction, and the following year a like sum was appropriated. In 1850 the school was reorganized and the name changed to the United States Naval Academy. At the outbreak of the Civil War the Academy was removed to Newport, R. I., where it remained until the summer of 1865, when it was re-established at Annapolis.

The Naval Academy is under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Navigation of the Navy Department and in the immediate control of an academic board, consisting of a superintendent, who is a naval officer; a commandant of cadets, and the heads of the different departments of study, who are, with one exception, naval officers.

The ap

The students of the Naval Academy are called Midshipmen. Two Midshipmen are allowed for each Senator, Representative and Delegate in Congress, two for the District of Columbia, and five each year from the United States at large. pointments from the District of Columbia and five each year at large are made by the President. One Midshipman is allowed from Porto Rico, who must be a native of that island. The appointment is made by the President, on the recommendation of the Governor of Porto Rico. The Congressional appointments are equitably distributed, so that as soon as practicable each Senator, Representative and Delegate in Congress may appoint oně Midshipman during each Congress.

The course for Midshipmen is four years at the Academy, when the succeeding appointment is made, and the examination for graduation takes place. Midshipmen who pass the examination for graduation are appointed to fill vacancies in the lower grade of the Line of the Navy, in the order of merit as determined by the Academic Board of the Naval Academy.

The act of June 29, 1906, prescribes that the Secretary of the Navy shall, as soon as possible after June 1 of each year preceding the graduation of Midshipmen in the succeeding year, notify in writing each Senator, Representative and Delegate in Congress of any vacancy that will exist

at

the Naval Academy because of such graduation, and which he shall be entitled to fill by nomination of a candidate and

one or more alternates therefor. The nomination of candidate and alternate or alternates to fill said vacancy shall be made upon the recommendation of the Senator, Representative or Delegate, if such recommendation is made by March 4th of the year r following that in which said notice in writing is given, but if it is not made by that time the Secretary of the Navy shall fill the vacancy by appointment of an actual resident of the State, Congressional District or Territory, as the case may be, in which the vacancy will exist, who shall have been for at least two years immediately preceding the date of his appointment an actual and bona fide resident of the State, Congressional District or Territory in which the vacancy will exist, and of the legal qualification under the law as now provided.

Candidates allowed for Congressional Districts, for Territories, and for the District of Columbia must be actual residents. Candidates at the time of their examination must be physically sound, well formed and of robust constitution. Attention will also be paid to the stature of the candidate, and no one manifestly under size for his age will be received at the Academy. The height of candidates for admission shall not be less than 5 feet 2 inches between the ages of 16 and 18 years, and not less than 5 feet 4 inches between the ages of 18 and 20 years; and the minimum weight at 16 years of age shall be 100 pounds, with an increase of not less than 5 pounds for each additional year or fraction of a year over one-half. Any marked deviation In the relative height and weight to the age of a candidate will add materially to the consideration for rejection. Candidates must be unmarried, and any Midshipman who shall marry, or who shall be found to be married, before his graduation, shall be dismissed from the service. All candidates must, at the time of their examination for admission, be between the ages of 16 and 20 years. The pay of a Midshipman is $600, beginning at the date of admission. The regulations regarding places and times of examinations and subjects of examinations may be obtained by addressing the Chief of the Bureau of Navigation. Navy Department, Washington. The Sixty-third Congress, upon the recommendation of the Navy Department, continued the law which had expired by limitation providing for the appointment of two midshipmen by each member of Congress, and the Sixty-fourth Congress, as the first act in larger preparedness, passed the bill giving three appointments to each Senator or Representative. This made possible an increase of 531 midshipmen in a year.

President Wilson signed, Feb. 16, the first of the national defense bills. One increased the entrance class at the Naval Academy. Naval Academy:

Address to class of 1914 by President
Wilson, 7949.

Appropriation for paving sidewalk
at, recommended, 4671.

Board of Visitors to, report of, referred to, 3587.

Discussed, 2669, 3386.

Establishment of, recommended, 876. Instruction at, should be more prac tical, 7117.

Removal of, discussed, 3561. Reorganization of, discussed, 2713. Naval Code, revision of, 2625. Naval Courts of Inquiry, 892.

Naval Expeditions. (See Arctic Expe-

ditions; Exploring Expeditions.)
Naval Militia.-In 1888 Congress passed
an act authorizing the maritime states to
organize a naval reserve, to be trained and
fitted for operating the coast and harbor
defense vessels, etc., in time of war, thus
liberating the regular naval force to man
the heavy seagoing war ships, etc. Massa-
chusetts was the first state to pass laws
providing for such organization. New
York took similar action, and by 1898 most
of the maritime states had regularly organ-
ized naval militia. The first appropriation
for the equipment of the force was $25,-
000, made by Congress in 1891. The naval
militia is now organized in twenty-two
states and in the District of Columbia.

The reported strength in 1913 was 586
commissioned officers, 32 warrant officers,
1,639 petty officers and 5,269 enlisted men,
a total of 7,526.

All matters relating to the Naval Militia
come under the cognizance of the Assistant
Secretary of the Navy, who transacts all
business with the Naval Militia through the
Governors and Adjutants-General (or Quar-
termasters-General) of the states. The
officer in the Navy Department, Washing-
ton, having charge of Naval Militia matters
is Commander F. B. Bassett, Jr., U. S. N.
Naval Militia, development of, dis-
cussed, 5759, 6166, 6669.

Naval Observatory.-A division of the
Bureau of Equipment of the Navy Depart-
ment. Its functions are to determine ac-
curately the positions of the sun, moon,
planets and the earth for use in preparing
the Nautical Almanac; to test chronom-
eters and to issue correct time daily; to
distribute to vessels of the navy instru-
ments of precision for navigating purposes:
to conduct astronomical investigations of
general and special scientific interest, and,
since 1894, to publish the Nautical Almanac.

In 1830 the Navy Department established
a depot of charts and instruments in charge
of Lieutenant L. M. Goldsborough, and
he mounted a 3-inch transit instrument.
In 1833 Lieutenant Wilkes moved the
depot to a site on Capitol Hill, and at his
own expense built an observatory contain-
ing a transit instrument of 3 inches aper-
ture and 63 inches focal length: a Borda's
circle; a 3-foot achromatic portable tele-
scope: a portable transit instrument; and
a sidereal clock. In 1838 the Secretary of
the Navy granted authority for the pur-
chase of all necessary supplies for making
a constant series of observations in astron-
omy, magnetism and meteorology, and
detailed naval officers to the work under
the instructions of Lieut. J. M. Gilliss.
The new equipment then installed consisted
of a sidereal clock and a mean time clock;
a meridian circle of 5.5 inches aperture
furnished with a circle 0 inches in diam
eter; a portable achromatic telescope of
31 inches aperture and 42 inches focal
length. Berlin, Paris, Greenwich and
Vienna presented some 200 rare volumes
of the highest standard as the nucleus for
an astronomical library. The work done
at Capitol Hill between 1838 and 1842
was published as Astronomical Observations
Made at the Naval Observatory, being the
first American work of this nature.

In 1842 Congress, through the efforts
of Lieut. Gilliss, authorized the erection
of a new observatory. Lieut. Maury was
placed in charge of the new establishment
and gained an international reputation

through his studies of ocean currents and
other hydrographic and nautical subjects.
He was succeeded in 1861 by Lieut. Gilliss
and later by Charles H. Davis and John
Rodgers.

Among the earliest scientific achievements
of the new observatory were the observa-
tions of the planet Neptune, secured in
1846, immediately after its discovery, which
enabled Sears C. Walker, by identifying two
older foreign observations, to discuss the
elements of Neptune during his short con-
nection with the observatory. The adapta-
tion of electricity to record observations by
Prof. John Locke, formerly lieutenant in
the navy, resulted in the installation of the
first practical chronograph at the observa-
tory in 1849. With the 9.6-inch equatorial
Assistant Astronomer James Ferguson dis-
covered several planetoids between 1854
and 1860. With the 26-inch refractor
(made by Alvan Clark), at that time the
largest telescope in the world, Prof. Asaph
Hall discovered the moons of Mars in 1877.
This instrument was set in place in time
to observe the transit of Venus in 1874.

The present observatory buildings on the
more favorable site of Georgetown Heights
were completed in 1893. They comprise a
commodious office building occupied by the
astronomical, nautical instrument, time ser-
vice and Nautical Almanac departments,
while the 26-inch equatorial, a 9-inch and
a 6-inch transit circle, and a 5-inch prime
vertical instrument are placed in suitable
dome and houses to the south, east, west
and north of a clock house, the longitude
of which is 5h. 8m. 15.78s. west and the
latitude 38° 55′ 14′′ north. Besides the
above-named instruments there are a 12-
inch equatorial, a 6-inch altazimuth, a 5-
inch transit, a 5-inch photoheliograph.

Although one of the youngest among the
great astronomical institutions, it has de-
veloped in a short time to a rank with those
at Greenwich and Pulkowa. Its object is
rather the development and application of
the known facts of astronomy than the
Professors
making of further discoveries.
Newcomb and Hall, of the older scientific
staff of the institution, have recently been
succeeded by Professors Skinner. See, Upde-
graph, Eichelberger, Littell and Harsch-
mann. The library now contains some 22,-
000 volumes and stands second to Pulkowa
only.

Naval Observatory:

Estimates for observation of transit
of Venus, referred to, 4668.
Appropriation for, recommended,
4688.

Referred to, 4249.

Removal of, recommended, 5158.
(See also Navy, Department of.)
Naval Officers. (See Navy.)
Naval Order of the United States.-
Composed of a General Commandery and
commanderies in the States of Massachu-
setts, Pennsylvania, New York, California
and Illinois, and in the District of Colum-
bia. The General Commandery meets_tri-
ennially on Oct. 5th, and the State Com-
manderies meet annually in the month of
November. The Massachusetts Commandery
is the parent Commandery, and was organ-
ized at Boston on July 4, 1890. The Gen-
eral Commandery was established three
years later, on June 19, 1893. The Com-
panies of the Order are officers and the
descendants of officers who served in the
navy and marine corps in any war or in
any battle in which the said naval forces
of the United States have participated.

Naval Order of the United States-Con.
The membership clause, as adopted at the
triennial congress held at Boston, Oct. 5,
1895, provides for two classes of members:
First, veteran officers and their male de-
scendants: and, second, enlisted men who
have received the United States naval medal
of honor for bravery in the face of the
enemy.

Naval Parade, to be held in New York
Harbor, 5760.

Naval Peace Establishment. (See Navy.)
Naval Pension Fund. (See Pensions.)

Naval Reserve, National, establishment

recommended, 6669.

Naval Stations.-Naval bases or shore
stations are ports on home or foreign
shores owned or leased by the government,
where fuel and supplies are stored, and
which are regularly visited by vessels on
cruise. Recruiting and instruction are also
carried on at these stations, and they form
the bases for sea manœuvres. Following
are the locations of the permanent stations
at home and abroad:

Annapolis, Md. (naval academy); Balti-
more, Md. (recruiting station); Boston,
Mass. (yard and recruiting station)
Charleston, S. C. (yaru and barracks)
Great Lakes, Ill. (training station): Indian
Head (proving ground): Key West, Fla.;
Las Animas, Colo. (hospital); Mare Island,
Cal. (yard, barracks, prison, Iron works)
Narragansett Bay, R. 1. (training station)
New York, N. Y. (Brooklyn yard): Nor-
folk, Va. (Newport News yard); Philippine
Islands (Olongapo, Cavite, Canacao);
Panama (Canal Zone); Pensacola, Fla.;
Philadelphia, Pa. (recruiting station, home,
hospital, etc.): Port Royal, S. C. (dis-
ciplinary barracks); Portsmouth, N. H.
(yard, iron works, hospital, etc.); Puget

Sound (Bremerton, Wash., dock, etc.); San
Francisco, Cal.; Washington, D. C. (ad-
ministrative dept.); Guam Guantanamo,
Cuba; Hawail, H. I.; Tutuila, Samoa:
Yokohama, Japan.

Naval Stations:

Establishment of-

Discussed, 4573, 4586.

In West Indies, recommended, 3777.
Lands for. (See Lands, Public.)
Survey for, mentioned, 1038.

(See also Navy Yards and Docks.)
Naval War College.-A course of lec-
tures on and instruction in the manipula-
tion of torpedoes established by the Gov-
ernment at Coasters Harbor Island, New-
port, R. I., in 1889. The class consists
chiefly of officers and men in the torpedo
service, but lectures are delivered on all
branches of naval improvements and prog-
ress. The course continues three months
in each year.

Naval War College, discussed, 6166.
(See also Navy, Department of.)
Navassa Island, West Indies:
Occupation of, by American citizens,
referred to, 3120.

Recognition of, as appertaining to
United States, referred to, 5625.
Trial of laborers in, charged with
killing agents of Navassa Phos-
phate Co., discussed, 5625.

Navassa Phosphate Co., trial of laborers
charged with killing agents of, in
Navassa Island, discussed, 5625.
Navies of the World.-Compiled from
the latest available data.

Navigation:

Accidents in, resulting from criminal
negligence in use of steam power,
discussed, 1253.

Advancement in science of nautical
affairs, 2670.

Appropriation for improvement of,
recommended, 2666.

Bridges so constructed over waters
as to obstruct, discussed, 4934.
Depressed state of, 559.

Extension of laws of, etc., referred
to, 2544.

Laws of, having tendency to prolong
War of 1812, should be revised,
525.

Prosperous condition of, 2404.
Referred to, 74, 77, 78, 81, 95, 227,
318, 346, 470, 480, 559, 2571.
Treaty with Spain regarding, 106,
110, 164.

Utility of canal, explained, 482, 785.
Navigation Act.-An important move in
England's struggle with the Dutch for pos-
session of the carrying trade of the world.
The act was first promulgated in 1645,
amplified in 1650, and renewed with a few
changes by Charles II. in 1660. It related
to five subjects-coasting trade, fisheries,
commerce with the colonies, commerce with
European countries, and commerce with
Asia, Africa and America. The clauses of
importance to American history were those
providing that all colonial trade should
be carried on in ships built and owned in
England and the colonies and that in the
case of many specified goods trade should
be confined to English markets. The for-
mer clause acted as a powerful stimulant
to colonial shipbuilding. The act was ren-
dered largely inoperative by the prevalence
of smuggling, and the efforts of Great Brit-
ain to enforce it were among the leading
causes of the Revolution.

In

Navigation Laws.-The Constitution gives
Congress power to pass navigation laws in
accordance with the principles of interna-
tional law. By act of 1789 a tonnage tax
of 6 cents per ton was levied on all
American vessels and one of 50 cents a ton
on all vessels built and owned in foreign
countries and entering American ports,
which practically gave
of
a monopoly
American trade to American bottoms. In
1792 the act requiring American registra-
tion was passed. In 1793 the coasting
trade was closed to foreign vessels.
1816, 1817 and 1820 the American naviga-
tion laws were remodeled and made to
correspond closely to those of Great Britain.
Tonnage taxes, which had been abolished,
were renewed at the outbreak of the Civil
War. With the advent of iron vessels
came the decrease in American shipbuilding
and the decrease in the American marine
was further due to the law forbidding any
but American-built ships to fly the Ameri-
can flag. This restriction was, however,
modified by the act of 1892. The act of
1886 reduced the tonnage rates consider-
ably. (See Seamen's Act.)
Navigators Islands.

lands.)

(See Samoan Is-

Navy. During the Revolution this coun-
try had practically no navy. In September,
1775, the British troops, closely environed

in Boston, could receive supplies only by
water. To intercept these Washington de-
tailed certain of his officers and men who
were familiar with nautical matters to
patrol Boston Harbor in small armed cruis-
ers. Some of the states had already con-
structed vessels at public expense to pro-
tect their coast line. New England sea-
men cruised with such effect in Massachu-
setts Bay as not only to deprive the British
garrisoned in Boston of their necessary
supplies, but also to add to the resources
of the Continental Army by the capture
of numerous prizes. At the end of 1775
the Continental Congress began the con-
struction of a navy by ordering thirteen
frigates to be built. These performed
some service, but most of the achievements
of the war were by privateers. By 1781
all of the thirteen Federal vessels had been
either captured or destroyed.

In 1797 and 1798, in anticipation of war
with France, Congress authorized the con-
struction of the Constitution, United States,
and Constellation and the purchase of twen-
ty-four other vessels. Hostilities with
France having been averted, the newly ac-
quired navy was used with good effect in
resisting the Barbary States. At the out-
break of the War of 1812 the United
States had about a score of vessels, three
of them being first-class frigates-the
Constitution, the President, and the United
The
States as against England's 830.
brilliant achievements of American vessels
in that war secured increased appropria-
tions. In 1816 $1,000,000 annually for
eight years was appropriated.

By the law of 1819 the Navy was
largely increased and a resolution provided
for naming ships of the line after the
states, frigates after the rivers of the
United States, and sloop of war after the
chief cities and towns. The vessels were
divided among four squadrons and sta-
tioned in the Mediterranean, the Pacific,
the West Indies, and on the coast of Bra-
zil, and in 1841 an additional squadron was
ordered to cruise along the coast of the
United States. During the Mexican War
the Gulf Squadron blockaded Vera Cruz
and bombarded the fort of San Juan de
Ulloa into submission, while the Pacific
Squadron seized Monterey and Los Angeles,
Cal.

At the outbreak of the Civil War the
United States had only about forty ves-
sels in commission. The character of naval
warfare at this time had been changed by
The
improved armament.
old wooden
vessels were useless when opposed by the
Whitworth and other modern guns of
The tur-
long range and heavy caliber.
reted ironclad was born of the emergency.
A new navy had to be constructed in or-
der to maintain the blockade of Southern
ports, and by Jan. 1, 1864, the National
Government had over 600 vessels, seventy-
five of them ironclads, with more than
4,600 guns and 35,000 men. After the war
Notwithstanding
the Navy was reduced.
the appropriation of large sums of money,
1882 found the United States in possession
of only 140 vessels, and more than 100 of
these were incapable of sea service.

Soon after this date a new policy regard-
Ing the Navy was inaugurated and has
since been pursued with credit and honor
to the nation.

The most important navy yard is at
Brooklyn, on the East River, where there
are tour dry docks, a clothing factory
where naval uniforms are made for en-
listed men, and other adjuncts. (See Navy
Yards and Naval Stations.)

The officers of the navy are trained for
their profession at the United States Naval
Academy at Annapolis (which see).