Nashville Convention.-The Mississippi
State convention of 1849 suggested to other
Southern States the feasibility of holding
conventions to make some public expression
on the slavery question and the encroach-
ments of Northern antis.avery men. Ac-
cordingly, a convention was called in Nash-
ville, Tenn., in June, 1850, composed of
delegates from all the Southern States.
The Wilmot Proviso and the Missouri Com-
promise were disapproved of by this meet-
Ing. Delegates from Texas, Mississippi, and
South Carolina advocated open resistance
to Federal authority, but more conservative
action prevailed. The convention met again
in November, but only moderate resolutions
were passed.

Nashville (Tenn.), Battle of.-After the
battle of Franklin, Nov. 30, 1864, Gen.
Schofield retreated to Nashville, closely fol-
lowed by Hood, who formed his lines near
that city Dec. 4. Reenforcements were sent
to Thomas at Nashville, swelling his forces
to 56.000 men. Dec. 15 Thomas's army ad-
vanced against Hood. The day was con-
sumed in maneuvering and skirmishing.
There were not many killed or wounded,
but the results of the day's operations were
the driving of the Confederates from every
position held by them and the capture of
16 guns, 1,200 prisoners, 40 wagons, and
several hundred stand of small arms. The
Union forces bivouacked on the field and
renewed the attack the next morning. By
4 o'clock in the afternoon the Confederates
were in retreat toward Franklin. They
were pursued until Dec. 28, when Hood
crossed the Tennessee with the remnants
of his army. The loss in killed and wound-
ed was comparatively light, but 53 guns and
4,875 Confederate prisoners were captured.
Nashville, The, mentioned, 6765, 6766,
6767, 6768, 6769, 6836, 6838.
Nassau, Duchy of:

Convention with, 2303.

Exequatur issued consul of, revoked,
3709.

Natchez:

Commissioners of United States as-
semble in, 186, 192, 236.
Government in, establishment of, rec-
ommended, 236.

Natchez, The. (See General Urrea,
The.)

National Academy of Sciences.-The
National Academy of Sciences was incor-
porated under an act of Congress approved
March 3, 1863. It was self-created and
retains autonomous powers, but derives na-
tional character from the provision in the
article of incorporation that "the academy
shall, whenever called upon by any depart-

ment of the government, Investigate, ex-
amine, experiment and report upon any
subject of science of art, the actual ex-
pense of such investigations, examinations,
experiments and reports to be paid from
appropriations which may be made for the
purpose; but the academy shall receive
no compensation whatever for any services
to the Government of the United States."
The first meeting was held April 22, 1863,
and Alexander D. Bache was elected presi-
dent. Originally the membership was limited
to fifty. This limit was removed in 1870,
but the policy remained exclusive, election
being regarded as a dignity conferred in
recognition of special scientific work and
only five names are considered for each
year's election. A stated session is held
annually in Washington on the third Tues-
day in April, and another is commonly held
elsewhere during each autumn. The mem-
bership (at present 96 members and 43 for-
eign associates) comprises many of the
leading scientific specialists of the United
States who are grouped into committees
on (1) mathematics and astronomy, (2)
physics and engineering, (3) chemistry, (4)
geology and paleontology, (5) biology, and
(6) anthropology. There are in addition.
a number of foreign associates distinguished
for scientific attainment. The president is
Dr. W. H. Welch of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, and Dr. A. L. Day is the Home
Secretary.

National Academy of Sciences, commis-

sion from membership of, to formu-
late plans for forestry system, 6167.
National Association of Naval Veter-
ans.-Organized 1887; 6,000 mem-
bers; 1,500 contributing members; 30
associations in all the principal cities
of the United States.
National Bank Circulation:

Act to fix amount of United States
notes and, vetoed, 4222.
Discussed by President-
Arthur, 4720, 4766, 4832.

Cleveland, 4926, 5876, 5966, 5986,
6074, 6157, 6175.

Harrison, Benj., 5474.
Johnson, 3563, 3769.
Roosevelt, 7430.

National Bank Examiners, reports of,
referred to, 4655.

National Banks. (See Banks, National.)
National Board of Health.-By act of
Congress approved March 3, 1879, a Na-
tional Board of Health was established,
consisting of 7 civilian physicians, 1 army
surgeon, 1 navy surgeon, 1 surgeon of the
Marine-Hospital Service, and I officer of
the Department of Justice. This board was
abolished by law. A national quarantine
law was passed June 3, 1879.

National Board of Health:
Establishment of-

Discussed, 4631.

Recommended, 5983.

Report of, transmitted, 4857, 4972.
National Cemeteries. (See Cemeteries,

National.)

Establishment of, and number of
Union soldiers buried in, discussed,
3649.

National Conference of Electricians at
Philadelphia referred to, 4956.
National Defense:

Discussed by President-

Wilson, 8020.

em-

braced an estimated
acres. By the next year he was able to
report the addition of some five million
acres to the national forest reserves. (Page
6390.) President Roosevelt discusses at
lengt the importance of the preservation
of forests and water supply in his first
message
after assuming the presidency.
(Page 6653.) Mr. Roosevelt's strongest
plea for the preservation of our forests is
found in his message of Dec. 8, 1908.
(Page 7598.)

The great areas contained in the national
forests have now been brought to a condi-
tion where they are beginning to serve the
purposes of the West. The conservation of
timber and forage through wise use, and the
protection of stream flow, are the means
of sustaining many industries which have
contributed materially to the prosperity of
the country. At the head of the Forest
Service are the Forester and the Associate
Forester.

The 163 national forests are distributed
In six districts, with a District Forester
in charge of each, and headquarters as fol-
lows: District 1 (Montana, northeastern
Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern
South Dakota, northern Michigan, northern
Minnesota and southwestern North Dakota),
Missoula, Mont. ; District 2 (Colorado,
Wyoming, the remainder of South Dakota,
Nebraska and western Kansas), Denver,
Col. District 3 (most of Arizona, Arkansas,
Florida, New Mexico and Oklahoma), Albu-
querque, N. Mex.: District 4 (Utah, south-
ern Idaho, western Wyoming, eastern and
central Nevada and a small portion of
northwestern Arizona), Ogden, Utah; Dis-
trict 5 (California and southwestern Ne-
vada), San Francisco, Cal., and District 6
(Washington, Oregon and Alaska), Port-
land, Ore.

On July 1, 1913, the force employed by
the Forest Service numbered 3,791. Of
these 3.068 were employed upon the na-
tional forests and 723 were engaged in
administrative, scientific and clerical work
at the Washington and district headquar-
ters. Of the employees on the national
forests the force engaged principally in
protective work numbered 2.302 men, as
follows: Forest Rangers, 359; Assistant
Forest Rangers, 888; Forest Guards, 1.053;
Game Wardens, 2. The protective force
was therefore about one man for every
80.000 acres, or 125 square miles. (Prussia
has one man for every 1,700 acres, and
Baden one for every 750.)

The branch of silviculture directs the
management of the national forests as re-
gards both the systems of cutting mature
timber and the work of forest planting;
supervises their protection; co-operates with
states in developing forest policies adapted
to their requirements; co-operates with

or

ernment nurseries which supply the national
forests. In the East, forest planting has
been done mainly in connection with states
and private owners. At the request of
the states the Forest Service makes exam-
conditions and

conducts other studies needed to serve as
a basis for forest legislation and formula-
tion by each state of a forest policy adapted
to its special requirements. The service
co-operates with private owners, especially
small owners, in states which have no State
Forester.

The branch of grazing supervises the
grazing of live stock upon the national
forests, the principal lines of work being
the allotment of grazing privileges. The
number of stock grazed during the past
season (1913), under permit, was 1,557,118
head of cattle, horses and swine, and 7,867,-
851 head of sheep and goats. The annual
productive value of this number of stock
is more than $20,000,000. The number of
persons holding permits to graze live stock
during the past year was in excess of
27,000. About 15 per cent of all the sheep
in the United States are grazed in the na-
tional forests.

The branch of products carries on studies,
tests and demonstrations to further the
more complete utilization of the products
of the forest. A forest products laboratory
is operated at Madison, Wis., in co-opera-
tion with the University of Wisconsin. In
the Western States all products work
centres in the district offices at Denver,
San Francisco and Portland.

The act of March 1, 1911, commonly
known as the Weeks law, provides for the
acquisition of forest lands on the water-
sheds of navigable streams. Its purpose
is to promote and protect the navigability
of the streams by preserving the forest on
the upland portions of their watersheds.
Through this act means are afforded of
extending the national forest system to
regions where the Government has hitherto
owned no forest lands and taken no direct
part in forest preservation. July 1, 1905,
all matters relating to forest reserves passed
to the Department of Agriculture.

The original appropriation was $2,000,-
000 per year for five and one-half years,
beginning with the last half of the fiscal
year, 1911. The Agricultural Appropria-
tion bill for the fiscal year, 1913. made the
appropriation for 1912 and subsequent
years available until expended. Up to July
1. 1913. 5,833,103 acres were reported upon
favorably by the Geological Survey. No
unfavorable reports have been made.

New York has purchased and set aside
1,642 000 acres in the Adirondack and
Catskill Mountains as forest preserves, un-
der the control of the Conservation Com-
mission of the state. These lands and
private lands in the preserve counties are
protected from fire by an adequate system
of rangers.

Pennsylvania has purchased more than
920,000 acres of land for state forest pre-

Nationality.-Federal and not state law
determines the status of the nationality
of persons in the United States. Until the
adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment,
the Constitution established no rules re-
garding the loss or acquisition of nation-
ality. Birth in the country is, as a rule,
the test, but not all persons born in the
United States are considered as endowed
with nationality. Tue naturalization act
of 1790 extended nationality to children
born to American parents beyond the sea.
In 1855 an act passed restricting this to
children whose fathers were citizens. The
Civil-Rights Act (q. v.) of 1866 declared
"all persons born in the United States and
not subject to any foreign power" to be citi-
zens of the United States. The Fourteenth
Amendment defines citizens as "all persons
born or naturalized in the United States
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.'
The citizens of Hawaii became citizens of
the United States by virtue of annexation,
it being so stated in the act of Congress
of 1900 which made Hawaii a Territory.
The inhabitants of the Philippine Islands
and Puerto Rico are entitled to the protec-
tion of the Constitution but cannot enjoy
the privileges of citizenship until Congress
admits their countries to the Union
states or organizes them as territories.
Nations, Congress of. (See under
Panama, Isthmus of.)

as

Nations, Foreign. (See Powers, For-
eign; the several powers.)
Native Birds, reservation established

for, on Smith Island, 7959.
Naturalization.-The investment of an
alien with the rights and privileges of
citizenship. Section 8 of Article I. of the
Constitution empowered Congress "to estab-
lish a uniform rule of naturalization."
Naturalization laws were passed by the
colonial legislatures of Maryland, Virginia,
New York, South Carolina and Massachu-
setts between 1666 and 1715. In 1740 the
British Parliament enacted a law regulating
colonial naturalization. In 1790 Congress
legislated for the first time so as to pro-
vide for uniformity of naturalization under
the Constitution. The conditions of this
law were that any free white alien might
be admitted to citizenship by any court
of record of the state in which he has
resided for one year, having been a resident
of the United States two years. An act of
1795 required five years' residence and ap-
plication three years prior to naturaliza-
tion that of 1798 required fourteen years'
residence and application five years prior
to naturalization. The act of April 14,
1802, restored the conditions of the act of
1795 and required a proof of five years'
residence in the United States and one in
the state, good character, an oath of alle
giance, and a renunciation of titles and
prior allegiance. No alien may be natural-
ized if his country is at war with the
United States. Conditions and procedure
in naturalizing an alien are prescribed by
sections 2163-2174 of the Revised Statutes
of the United States. Naturalization of
Chinese is prohibited by section 14. chapter
126, laws of 1882: and of anarchists by
the immigration act of 1903. Naturalized
citizens of the United States receive the
same protection when abroad as native-
born citizens. (See also Expatriation.)

The following paraphrase and conden
sation of the naturalization laws of the
United States have been revised by the
Commissioner of Naturalization of the De-
partment of Labor, and includes such minor
changes in the law as were provided by

the recent amendments embodied in the
act of Congress, approved June 25, 1910.

The following courts alone have the
power to naturalize aliens: United States
District Courts now existing, or which may
hereafter be established by Congress in any
state, United States District Courts for the
Territories of Hawaii and Alaska, also all
courts of record in any state or territory
now existing, or which may hereafter be
created, having a seal, a clerk and juris-
diction in actions at law or equity, or law
and equity, in which the amount in contro-
versy is unlimited.

The power to naturalize, conferred upon
the above mentioned courts. is limited to
persons residing within the geographical
limits over which their respective jurisdic-
tion extends.

Any alien who is a white person, or of
African nativity or African descent, is
required, if he desires to become naturalized,
to file a declaration of intention in the
clerk's office of any court having jurisdic-
tion over the place in which he lives, and
such declaration may not be filed until the
alien has reached the age of eighteen years.
This declaration must contain information
as to the name, age, occupation, time and
place of arrival in the United States, and
must further show that it is the declarant's
bona fide intention to become a citizen of
the United States and to renounce forever
all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign
prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, and
particularly to the one of which he may
be at the time a citizen or subject.

Any alien, of the age of twenty-one years
and upward, who has served five consecutive
years in the United States navy or one en-
listment in the United States marine corps,
may be admitted to citizenship without
any previous declaration of intention.

The widow and children who are under
age at the time that an alien who has made
his declaration of intention has died, with-
out having secured a certificate of naturali-
zation, are also exempted from the neces-
sity of filing a declaration of intention.

By act of June 25, 1910, any person who
on May 1, 1905, was an inhabitant for
five years and qualified to become a citizen
of the United States and who for the
five years preceding May 1, 1910, had
resided in the United States continuously
and who, because of misinformation in re-
gard to his citizenship, had in good faith
exercised the rights and duties of a citizen
of the United States because of wrongful
information and belief, may, upon proof
of these facts satisfactory to a court having
jurisdiction to naturalize aliens, petition
for naturalization without filing the re-
quired declaration of intention upon com-
pliance with the other requirements of the
law.

Not less than two years after an allen
has filed his declaration of intention, and
after not less than five years' continuous
residence in the United States, he may file
a petition for citizenship in any one of the
courts above stated which has jurisdiction
over the place in which he resides, pro-
vided he has lived at least one year con-
tinuously, immediately prior to the filing
of such petition. in the state or territory
in which such place is located. This peti
tion must be signed by the petitioner in his
own handwriting and shall give his full
name. place of residence, occupation, place
of birth and the date thereof. the place
from which he emigrated. and the date and
place of his arrival in the United States.
if such arrival occurred subsequent to the
passage of the act of June 29. 1906, he
must secure a certificate from the Depart-
ment of Labor showing the fact of such
arrival and the date and place thereof,