Nashville Convention.-The Mississippi
State convention of 1849 suggested to other
Southern States the feasibility of holding
conventions to make some public expression
on the slavery question and the encroach-
ments of Northern antis.avery men. Ac-
cordingly, a convention was called in Nash-
ville, Tenn., in June, 1850, composed of
delegates from all the Southern States.
The Wilmot Proviso and the Missouri Com-
promise were disapproved of by this meet-
Ing. Delegates from Texas, Mississippi, and
South Carolina advocated open resistance
to Federal authority, but more conservative
action prevailed. The convention met again
in November, but only moderate resolutions
were passed.

Nashville (Tenn.), Battle of.-After the
battle of Franklin, Nov. 30, 1864, Gen.
Schofield retreated to Nashville, closely fol-
lowed by Hood, who formed his lines near
that city Dec. 4. Reenforcements were sent
to Thomas at Nashville, swelling his forces
to 56,000 men. Dec. 15 Thomas's army ad-
vanced against Hood. The day was con-
sumed in maneuvering and skirmishing.
There were not many killed or wounded,
but the results of the day's operations were
the driving of the Confederates from every
position held by them and the capture of
16 guns, 1,200 prisoners, 40 wagons, and
several hundred stand of small arms. The
Union forces bivouacked on the field and
renewed the attack the next morning. By
4 o'clock in the afternoon the Confederates
were in retreat toward Franklin. They
were pursued until Dec. 28, when Hood
crossed the Tennessee with the remnants
of his army. The loss in killed and wound-
ed was comparatively light, but 53 guns and
4,875 Confederate prisoners were captured.
Nashville, The, mentioned, 6765, 6766,
6767, 6768, 6769, 6836, 6838.
Nassau, Duchy of:

Convention with, 2303.

Exequatur issued consul of, revoked,
3709.

Natchez:

Commissioners of United States as-
semble in, 186, 192, 236.
Government in, establishment of, rec-
ommended, 236.

Natchez, The. (See General Urrea,
The.)

National Academy of Sciences.-The
National Academy of Sciences was incor-
porated under an act of Congress approved
March 3, 1863. It was self-created and
retains autonomous powers, but derives na-
tional character from the provision in the
article of incorporation that "the academy
shall, whenever called upon by any depart-

ment of the government, investigate, ex-
amine, experiment and report upon any
subject of science of art, the actual ex-
pense of such investigations, examinations,
experiments and reports to be paid from
appropriations which may be made for the
purpose; but the academy shall receive
no compensation whatever for any services
to the Government of the United States."
The first meeting was held April 22, 1863,
and Alexander D. Bache was elected presi-
dent. Originally the membership was limited
to fifty. This limit was removed in 1870,
but the policy remained exclusive, election
being regarded as a dignity conferred in
recognition of special scientific work and
only five names are considered for each
year's election. A stated session is held
annually in Washington on the third Tues-
day in April, and another is commonly held
elsewhere during each autumn. The mem-
bership (at present 96 members and 43 for-
eign associates) comprises many of the
leading scientific specialists of the United
States who are grouped into committees
on (1) mathematics and astronomy, (2)
physics and engineering, (3) chemistry, (4)
geology and paleontology, (5) biology, and
(6) anthropology. There are in addition.
a number of foreign associates distinguished
for scientific attainment. The president is
Dr. W. H. Welch of Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, and Dr. A. L. Day is the Home
Secretary.

National Academy of Sciences, commis-

sion from membership of, to formu-
late plans for forestry system, 6167.
National Association of Naval Veter-
ans.-Organized 1887; 6,000 mem-
bers; 1,500 contributing members; 30
associations in all the principal cities
of the United States.
National Bank Circulation:

Act to fix amount of United States
notes and, vetoed, 4222.
Discussed by President-
Arthur, 4720, 4766, 4832.

Cleveland, 4926, 5876, 5966, 5986,
6074, 6157, 6175.

Harrison, Benj., 5474.
Johnson, 3563, 3769.
Roosevelt, 7430.

National Bank Examiners, reports of,
referred to, 4655.

National Banks. (See Banks, National.)
National Board of Health.-By act of
Congress approved March 3, 1879, a Na-
tional Board of Health was established,
consisting of 7 civilian physicians, 1 army
surgeon, 1 navy surgeon, 1 surgeon of the
Marine-Hospital Service, and I officer of
the Department of Justice. This board was
abolished by law. A national quarantine
law was passed June 3, 1879.
National Board of Health:
Establishment of-

Discussed, 4631.

Recommended, 5983.

Report of, transmitted, 4857, 4972.
National Cemeteries. (See Cemeteries,

National.)

Establishment of, and number of
Union soldiers buried in, discussed,
3649.

National Conference of Electricians at Philadelphia referred to, 4956. National Defense:

Discussed by President

Wilson, 8020.

National Forests.-President Cleveland, in his fourth annual message, Dec. 7. 1896 (page 6167), reported that the commission appointed from the membership of the National Academy of Sciences to formulate plans for a national forestry system would soon be prepared to present the result of a thorough and intelligent examination of the preservation of the growing timber of the country. McKinley, in his second annual message, Dec. 5, 1898, reported that up to the previous June 30th, thirty forest reservations had been created by executive proclamations (page 6346). These embraced an estimated of 40,719,474 acres. By the next year he was able to report the addition of some five million acres to the national forest reserves. (Page 6390.) President Roosevelt discusses at lengt the importance of the preservation of forests and water supply in his first message after assuming the presidency. (Page 6653.) Mr. Roosevelt's strongest plea for the preservation of our forests is found in his message of Dec. 8, 1908. (Page 7598.)

area

The great areas contained in the national forests have now been brought to a condition where they are beginning to serve the purposes of the West. The conservation of timber and forage through wise use, and the protection of stream flow, are the means of sustaining many industries which have contributed materially to the prosperity of the country. At the head of the Forest Service are the Forester and the Associate Forester.

The 163 national forests are distributed In six districts, with a District Forester in charge of each, and headquarters as follows: District 1 (Montana, northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern South Dakota, northern Michigan, northern Minnesota and southwestern North Dakota), Missoula, Mont.; District 2 (Colorado, Wyoming, the remainder of South Dakota, Nebraska and western Kansas), Denver, Col. District 3 (most of Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, New Mexico and Oklahoma), Albuquerque, N. Mex.: District 4 (Utah, southern Idaho, western Wyoming, eastern and central Nevada and a small portion of northwestern Arizona), Ogden, Utah; District 5 (California and southwestern Nevada), San Francisco, Cal., and District 6 (Washington, Oregon and Alaska), Portland, Ore.

On July 1, 1913, the force employed by the Forest Service numbered 3,791. Of these 3,068 were employed upon the national forests and 723 were engaged in administrative, scientific and clerical work at the Washington and district headquar ters. Of the employees on the national forests the force engaged principally in protective work numbered 2.302 men, follows: Forest Rangers, 359; Assistant Forest Rangers, 888; Forest Guards, 1,053; Game Wardens, 2. The protective force was therefore about one man for every 80,000 acres, or 125 square miles. (Prussia has one man for every 1,700 acres, and Baden one for every 750.)

as

The branch of silviculture directs the management of the national forests as regards both the systems of cutting mature timber and the work of forest planting; supervises their protection; co-operates with states in developing forest policies adapted to their requirements; co-operates with

private forest owners who desire to practice forestry on their lands; and carries on silvicultural investigations of the important species of the United States. In planting within the national forests the primary object is to produce commercial timber, although in a number of cases planting has been done chiefly with the view of reforesting denuded watersheds in order to control and regulate the flow of streams directly supplying cities and towns. During the year ending June 30, 1913, about 30,000 acres in national forests were sown or planted to trees, chiefly Douglas fir, a Western yellow pine, Austrian pine and Engelmann spruce. There are forty Government nurseries which supply the national forests. In the East, forest planting has been done mainly in connection with states and private owners. At the request of the states the Forest Service makes examinations of their forest conditions and conducts other studies needed to serve as a basis for forest legislation and formulation by each state of a forest policy adapted to its special requirements. The service co-operates with private owners, especially small owners, in states which have no State Forester.

The branch of grazing supervises the grazing of live stock upon the national forests, the principal lines of work being the allotment of grazing privileges. The number of stock grazed during the past season (1913), under permit, was 1,557,118 head of cattle, horses and swine, and 7,867,851 head of sheep and goats. The annual productive value of this number of stock Is more than $20,000,000. The number of persons holding permits to graze live stock during the past year was in excess of 27,000. About 15 per cent of all the sheep in the United States are grazed in the national forests.

The branch of products carries on studies, tests and demonstrations to further the more complete utilization of the products of the forest. A forest products laboratory is operated at Madison, Wis., in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. In the Western States all products work centres in the district offices at Denver, San Francisco and Portland.

The act of March 1, 1911, commonly known as the Weeks law, provides for the acquisition of forest lands on the watersheds of navigable streams. Its purpose is to promote and protect the navigability of the streams by preserving the forest on the upland portions of their watersheds. Through this act means are afforded of extending the national forest system to regions where the Government has hitherto owned no forest lands and taken no direct part in forest preservation. July 1, 1905, all matters relating to forest reserves passed to the Department of Agriculture.

The original appropriation was $2,000,000 per year for five and one-half years, beginning with the last half of the fiscal year, 1911. The Agricultural Appropriation bill for the fiscal year, 1913. made the appropriation for 1912 and subsequent years available until expended. Up to July 1, 1913, 5,833,103 acres were reported upon favorably by the Geological Survey. No unfavorable reports have been made.

New York has purchased and set aside 1,642 000 acres in the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains as forest preserves, under the control of the Conservation Commission of the state. These lands and private lands in the preserve counties are protected from fire by an adequate system of rangers.

Pennsylvania has purchased more than 920,000 acres of land for state forest pre

National Forests-Continued.

serves, and the Forestry Commission has
the right to purchase additional forest lands
at a price not to exceed $5 an acre. The
preserves are situated chiefly on the moun-
tains of the central part of the state and
located with special references to protecting
the water supply at the sources of rivers.

the

Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan have
well organized state forest departments.
Minnesota has 51,000 acres reserved, Wis
consin 385,000 acres and Michigan 232,000.
These are protected from fire and
open land is being planted and the mature
timber cut and sold. Kansas, Connecticut,
Ohio, New Hampshire and Vermont also
distribute planting material to private
owners and give them advice in regard
to methods of forest management. The
following states have forestry departments
which seek to protect from fire by means
of an organized warden system all of the
greater portion of the forest lands in the
state: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island. Colorado,
Montana, Idaho, Connecticut, New Jersey,
Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ten-
nessee, Alabama, Oregon, Washington and
California.

The following table shows the Timber Disposed of,
Quantity, Price, and Number of Users, Revenue Under
Specified Heads, and Details of Grazing Privileges, Year
Ended June 30, 1315.

(From Reports of the Forest Service, Department of
Agriculture.)

Free timber given:

Number of users.

40,040
123,259
206,597
10,905

National Intelligencer, publication in,

of proceedings of President and Cabi
net respecting interpretation of re-
construction acts discussed, 3725.
National Museum.-The National Museum
is an offshoot of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion at Washington, and was organized
under the provisions of the act of 1848
creating the parent institution. It is a
museum of record, research and education,
and the legal depository of all national col-
lections. It is especially rich in American
archæology and natural history, but con-
tains specimens from all over the world.
The new building was completed in 1910
at a cost of $3,500,000. It contains the
specimens collected by the scientific expedi-
tion into Africa conducted by Ex-President
Roosevelt. Through the beneficence of this
private enterprise the museum was enriched
by specimens of African mammals superior
to that of any other museum in the world.
The series of birds, reptiles and plants is
also of great importance. The additions to
the museum consisted of 4,897 mammals,
4,000 birds, 2,000 reptiles and batrachians
and 500 fishes, a total of about 11,397.
National Museum, appropriation for,
recommended, 4431, 4458.
Referred to, 6676.

National Parks, should be placed un-
der Department of Agriculture, 7604.
(See Chickamauga and Chattanooga
National Military Park.)

National Prison Congress at Baltimore
referred to, 4162. (See also Interna-

tional Prison Congress.)
National Republican Party.-After the
defeat of John Quincy Adams by Jackson
in 1828 the broad-construction wing of
the Democratic-Republican party organized
and came out with a platform directly op-
posed to Jackson on the question of the
tariff and the United States Bank. They
opposed the spoils system in the public
service, favored internal improvements at
national expense, a bank of the United
States, and a division of the proceeds of
land sales among the States. In 1832
they supported Henry Clay for the Presi
dency and advocated a protective tariff.
Clay was defeated, receiving but 49 elec-
toral votes, and in 1835 the party, reen-
forced by other elements, took the name
of Whig.

National University.-Washington strong.
ly disapproved of foreign education for
American youth and early conceived the
idea of establishing a national university
in the central part of the United States.
He bequeathed fifty shares of the Potomac
Company toward the endowment of such an
institution in the District of Columbia, but
ultimately the stock of the company proved
valueless. Several of the presidents from
time to time in their messages recom-
mended the establishment of a national
university or universities, or, as they some-
times called them, "seminaries of learn-
ing."
National University (see also Educa-
tion; Seminaries of Learning):
Establishment of, recommended, 58,
194, 197, 398, 470, 553, 878, 4208.
Lands, donation of, to, recommend-
ed, 398, 470, 4208.

National Zoological Park referred to,
6674.

Nationality.-Federal and not state law determines the status of the nationality of persons in the United States. Until the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Constitution established no rules regarding the loss or acquisition of nationality. Birth in the country is, as a rule, the test, but not all persons born in the United States are considered as endowed with nationality. Tae naturalization act of 1790 extended nationality to children born to American parents beyond the sea. In 1855 an act passed restricting this to children whose fathers were citizens. The Civil-Rights Act (q. v.) of 1866 declared "all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power" to be citizens of the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment defines citizens as "all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof." The citizens of Hawaii became citizens of the United States by virtue of annexation, it being so stated in the act of Congress of 1900 which made Hawaii a Territory. The inhabitants of the Philippine Islands and Puerto Rico are entitled to the protection of the Constitution but cannot enjoy the privileges of citizenship until Congress admits their countries to the Union as states or organizes them as territories. Nations, Congress of. (See under Panama, Isthmus of.)

an

Nations, Foreign. (See Powers, Foreign; the several powers.) Native Birds, reservation established for, on Smith Island, 7959. Naturalization.-The investment of alien with the rights and privileges of citizenship. Section 8 of Article I. of the Constitution empowered Congress "to establish a uniform rule of naturalization." Naturalization laws were passed by the colonial legislatures of Maryland, Virginia, New York, South Carolina and Massachusetts between 1666 and 1715. In 1740 the British Parliament enacted a law regulating colonial naturalization. In 1790 Congress legislated for the first time so as to provide for uniformity of naturalization under the Constitution. The conditions of this law were that any free white alien might be admitted to citizenship by any court of record of the state in which he has resided for one year, having been a resident of the United States two years. An act of 1795 required five years' residence and application three years prior to naturalization that of 1798 required fourteen years' residence and application five years prior to naturalization. The act of April 14, 1802, restored the conditions of the act of 1795 and required a proof of five years' residence in the United States and one in the state, good character, an oath of alle giance, and a renunciation of titles and prior allegiance. No alien may be naturalized if his country is at war with the United States. Conditions and procedure in naturalizing an alien are prescribed by sections 2163-2174 of the Revised Statutes of the United States. Naturalization of Chinese is prohibited by section 14. chapter 126, laws of 1882: and of anarchists by the immigration act of 1903. Naturalized citizens of the United States receive the same protection when abroad as nativeborn citizens. (See also Expatriation.)

The following paraphrase and condensation of the naturalization laws of the United States have been revised by the Commissioner of Naturalization of the Department of Labor, and includes such minor changes in the law as were provided by

the recent amendments embodied in the act of Congress, approved June 25, 1910.

The following courts alone have the power to naturalize aliens: United States District Courts now existing, or which may hereafter be established by Congress in any state, United States District Courts for the Territories of Hawaii and Alaska, also all courts of record in any state or territory now existing, or which may hereafter be created, having a seal, a clerk and jurisdiction in actions at law or equity, or law and equity, in which the amount in controversy is unlimited.

The power to naturalize, conferred upon the above mentioned courts, is limited to persons residing within the geographical limits over which their respective jurisdiction extends.

Any alien who is a white person, or of African nativity or African descent, is required, if he desires to become naturalized, to file a declaration of intention in the clerk's office of any court having jurisdiction over the place in which he lives, and such declaration may not be filed until the alien has reached the age of eighteen years. This declaration must contain information as to the name, age, occupation, time and place of arrival in the United States, and must further show that it is the declarant's bona fide intention to become a citizen of the United States and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, and particularly to the one of which he may be at the time a citizen or subject.

Any alien, of the age of twenty-one years and upward, who has served five consecutive years in the United States navy or one enlistment in the United States marine corps, may be admitted to citizenship without any previous declaration of intention.

The widow and children who are under age at the time that an alien who has made his declaration of intention has died, without having secured a certificate of naturalization, are also exempted from the necessity of filing a declaration of intention.

By act of June 25, 1910, any person who on May 1, 1905. was an inhabitant for five years and qualified to become a citizen of the United States and who for the five years preceding May 1, 1910, had resided in the United States continuously and who, because of misinformation in regard to his citizenship. had in good faith exercised the rights and duties of a citizen of the United States because of wrongful information and belief, may, upon proof of these facts satisfactory to a court having jurisdiction to naturalize aliens, petition for naturalization without filing the required declaration of intention upon compliance with the other requirements of the law.

Not less than two years after an alien has filed his declaration of intention, and after not less than five years' continuous residence in the United States, he may file a petition for citizenship in any one of the courts above stated which has jurisdiction over the place in which he resides, provided he has lived at least one year continuously, immediately prior to the filing of such petition. in the state or territory in which such place is located. This petition must be signed by the petitioner in his own handwriting and shall give his full name, place of residence. occupation, place of birth and the date thereof. the place from which he emigrated. and the date and place of his arrival in the United States. If such arrival occurred subsequent to the passage of the act of June 29. 1906, he must secure a certificate from the Department of Labor showing the fact of such arrival and the date and place thereof,