521-64: The chronicles of John Wallingford, A.D. 449-1035. London, 1854.

A compilation; of no value. The latter part is taken mainly from Matthew Paris. The author was a monk of St. Albans.

1861. *WALSINGHAM, THOMAS (d. circa 1422). Historia Anglicana [1272-1422], ed. H. T. Riley. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1863-64.-Other editions, with the title Historia Brevis ab Edwardo I. ad Henricum V.: [by Matthew Parker], London, 1574; in Camden's Anglica, etc., Scripta, 37-408, Frankfort, 1602 (also 1603).-Ypodigma Neustria [from the first invasions by the Northmen to 1419], ed. H. T. Riley. Rolls Series. London, 1876. Other editions: [by Matthew Parker], London, 1574; in Camden's Anglica, etc., Scripta, 409-592.

The earlier portion of the Historia Anglicana is a compilation from other chroniclers; the part 1272-1377 is derived mainly from Hemingburgh, Higden, Rishanger, and Trokelowe. The contemporary account of the years 1377-1422 is original and valuable. It is particularly important for the career of Wyclif, Wat Tyler's revolt, and other events of Richard II.'s reign. Riley believes that the part 1392-1422 was not written by Walsingham.

The Ypodigma Neustriæ, or Memorials of Normandy (dedicated to Henry V. in 1419), is a manual of Norman and English history. The earlier part is derived from William of Jumièges, Diceto, Trevet, etc. In this and in his other works Walsingham vilifies the Lollards. For his Gesta Abbatum S. Albani, see No. 2402. He was precentor and 'scriptorarius,' or principal scribe, of the abbey of St. Albans. In 1394 he was made prior of Wymondham, Norfolk; but he probably returned to St. Albans in 1400. See No. 1745.

1862. WARKWORTH, JOHN (d. 1500). A chronicle of the first thirteen years of the reign of Edward IV. [1461-74], ed. J. O. Halliwell. Camden Soc. London, 1839. pp. 79.-Reprinted, with modernised orthography, in Chronicles of the White Rose of York (No. 1668), 97-142. London, 1845.

A short but valuable historical fragment, written in English, contemporaneously with the events narrated, in continuation of a copy of Caxton's Chronicle. It was bequeathed by Warkworth to St. Peter's college, Cambridge, of which he was master, A.D. 1473-1500; its authorship is usually attributed to him, but there is no evidence to prove that he wrote it. The chronicle exhibits a distinct bias in favour of the Lancastrian house.

1863. WAURIN, JEHAN DE (d. circa 1474). Recueil des croniques et anchiennes istories de la Grant Bretaigne [from the

earliest times to 1471], ed. William Hardy and E. L. C. P. Hardy. Vol. i., Albina to A.D. 688; vols. ii.-v., 1399-1471. Rolls Series. 5 vols. London, 1864-91.-The part 1325-1471 was edited by L. M. E. Dupont, Société de l'Histoire de France, 3 vols., Paris, 1858-63.-Translated from the French by William Hardy and E. L. C. P. Hardy: A collection of chronicles and ancient histories of Great Britain [from Albina to A.D. 688, and 13991431]. Rolls Series. 3 vols. London, 1864-91.

A general collection of the then existing materials of English history. The part to 1413 was completed about 1455; the rest was written in the time of Edward IV. The author made much use of the Chronicle of Brute (No. 1733), and of Froissart and Monstrelet; but from 1444 to 1471 the work is in large part original and contemporary. Waurin belonged to a noble family of Artois. He fought at the battle of Agincourt on the French side, but later he served against the French under the banner of the duke of Burgundy, 1419-35. For other fragments of his chronicles, from a MS. at Vienna, see Bulletin Historique et Philologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1892, pp. 49–56.

*

1864. WENDOVER, ROGER OF (d. 1236). [from the creation to 1235], ed. H. O. Coxe.

Flores historiarum
English Hist. Soc.

4 vols. and appendix. London, 1841-44. [This edition begins with the year A.D. 447.]-Another edition, of the part 1154-1235 (badly edited), by H. G. Hewlett, Rolls Series, 3 vols., London, 1886-89.-Excerpts, A.D. 304-1235, ed. Liebermann, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xxviii. 3-73. Hanover, 1888.-Translated by J. A. Giles: Roger of Wendover's Flowers of history, A.D. 4471235. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. 2 vols. London, 1849.

A general chronicle relating to the continent as well as to England. Its nucleus was a compilation, extending to 1188, made by John de Cella, abbot of St. Albans (1195–1214). This was continued by Wendover to 1235 and by Matthew Paris to 1259: see No. 1830. Coxe's appendix shows the variations in the texts of Wendover and Paris to 1235. Wendover's work, especially the part 1200–1235, is an original authority of great value. 'His signal merit as a contemporary chronicler, which atones for many deficiencies, is his fearless frankness of speech without respect of persons.' He was historiographer of the abbey of St. Albans. See Hewlett's introduction; the prefaces to Luard's edition of Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora; and Pertz's Scriptores, xxviii. 3-20. F. M. Powicke, in his paper on Roger of Wendover and the Coggeshall Chronicle (English Historical Review, 1906, xxi. 286-96), shows that Roger of Wendover used Coggeshall (No. 1756) for the years 1187-95 only.

1865. WHETHAmstede, John (d. 1465). Registrum abbatiæ Johannis Whethamstede Roberto Blakeney cappellano quondam

adscriptum [1451-61], ed. H. T. Riley, Registra Quorundam Abbatum Monasterii S. Albani, i. 1-433. Rolls Series. London, 1872.-Another edition, under the title Johannis de Whethamstede Chronicon, e Registro ejus, by Thomas Hearne, Duo Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores Veteres, ii. 311-540. Oxford, 1732.

Probably compiled by some unknown hand soon after Whethamstede's death. The work not merely deals with the affairs of the abbey, but is also a valuable contemporary account of the political history of England, especially during the years 1455-61. Blakeney formerly owned the manuscript. Vol. ii., pp. 3-24, of Riley's edition of the Registra contains letters written by Whethamstede, A.D. 1459-64. He was abbot of St. Albans, 1420-40, 1451-65.

1866. *WORCESTER, FLORENCE OF (d. 1118). Chronicon ex chronicis [A.D. 450-1117, with two continuations, to 1141 and 1295], ed. Benjamin Thorpe. English Hist. Soc. 2 vols. London, 1848-49.-Other editions: from the creation to 1141 [by William Howard], London, 1592; from the creation to 1141, with the Flores Historiarum ascribed to Matthew of Westminster, Frankfort, 1601 (obsolete); from A.D. 450 to 1066, in Petrie's Monumenta, 522-615, London, 1848; from 1118 to 1140, The chronicle of John of Worcester, ed. J. R. H. Weaver, Oxford, 1908, pp. 72, with facsimile plates (a new edition of the continuation to 1141). Extracts, 781-1140, ed. Waitz and Pauli, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), v. 564-8, xiii. 124-34. Hanover, 184481.-Translated by Joseph Stevenson, Church Historians of England, vol. ii. pt. i.: The chronicle of Florence of Worcester, with a continuation [to 1141]. London, 1853.-Translated by Thomas Forester: The chronicle of Florence of Worcester, with two continuations [to 1295]. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. London, 1854.

The nucleus of this work is the general chronicle of Marianus Scotus, which ends in 1082 and was brought to England by direction of Robert, bishop of Hereford (see W. H. Stevenson, in English Historical Review, 1907, xxii. 72-84). Florence made many additions relating to England, using Bede, Asser, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in a version that is no longer extant. After 1082 he becomes a valuable independent authority. The author of the continuation to 1141, John, a monk of Worcester, was a contemporary of the events which he records. The second continuation, down to 1152, is extracted from the chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon ; the part 1152-1265 is taken from the chronicle of John of Tayster; and

the remainder was written by John of Eversden. Sir Ernest Clarke's Bury Chroniclers of the 13th Century ([Bury], 1905, pp. 26) has some interesting brief remarks about the value of Tayster and Eversden, who were chroniclers of Bury St. Edmunds (see No. 1844). Florence was a monk of Worcester, concerning whose personal history very little is known. See Dictionary of National Biography, 1889, xviii. 89–90, xix. 335-6.

1867. WORCESTER, WILLIAM OF (d. circa 1480). Annales rerum Anglicarum [1324-1468, 1491], ed. Joseph Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France during the Reign of Henry VI., ii. 743-93. Rolls Series. London, 1864.-Another edition, by Thomas Hearne, Liber Niger Scaccarii, ii. 424-521. Oxford, 1728; reprinted, London, 1771.— William of Worcester's Collections respecting the wars of the English in France and Normandy [1423-52, written in French and English], ed. Joseph Stevenson, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English, etc., ii. 519-742. Rolls Series. London, 1864.

The Annales contains some useful information concerning the Wars of the Roses. There are no entries for the years 1469-90; and the account of the year 1491 looks like an addition by a later hand. Besides his Annales and Collections, William wrote a Latin itinerary, edited by James Nasmith, Itineraria Symonis Simeonis et Willelmi de Worcestre (Cambridge, 1778), 77-378. It is a sort of commonplace book, containing topographical and other information concerning various parts of England. The latest entries are for the year 1480. The part relating to Bristol is also printed in the Antiquities of Bristow, by James Dallaway, Bristol, 1834. William of Worcester, also called William Botoner, was a native of Bristol and an ardent adherent of the house of York. He was secretary to John Fastolf, the celebrated Norfolk knight. See F. A. Gasquet, Old English Bible, 1908, pp. 247-75.

1868. *WYKES, THOMAS (d. circa 1293). Chronicon vulgo dictum Chronicon Thomæ Wykes [1066-1289], ed. H. R. Luard, Annales Monastici, iv. 6-319. Rolls Series. London, 1869.

Another edition, in Gale's Scriptores Quinque, 21-118. Oxford, 1687.-Extracts, 1147-1288, ed. Pauli, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xxvii. 484-502. Hanover, 1885.

Written in the abbey of Osney. To 1258 it closely resembles the Annals of Osney (No. 1693), the earlier portion of which Wykes probably used; their relations to each other are fully considered by Luard. Wykes also used Florence of Worcester, Diceto, Newburgh, and Matthew Paris; but from 1256 or 1262 onward he is an original authority. For the whole history of the campaigns of Lewes and Evesham, and the events immediately preceding and following them,' says Luard, his history must always

be of the first importance.' This work is a notable exception to the rule that the chroniclers are partisans of Simon de Montfort: Wykes was an ardent royalist. He became a canon of Osney in 1282. See Dictionary of National Biography, 1900, lxiii. 232-3.

1869. WYNTOUN, ANDREW OF (d. circa 1425). The orygynale cronykil of Scotland [from the creation to 1408], ed. David Laing, in Historians of Scotland, vols. i., iii., ix. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1872-79.-Another edition, by David Macpherson, 2 vols., London, 1795.-The original chronicle of Andrew of Wyntoun, ed. F. J. Amours. Vols ii.-vi. Scottish Text Soc. Edinburgh, etc., 1903-08.

An English poem, completed about 1420. The author was a canon regular of the priory of St. Andrews, and prior of St. Serf's in Loch Leven. See W. A. Craigie, Wyntoun's Original Chronicle, in Scottish Review, 1897, xxx. 33-54; and his paper, The St. Andrews MS. of Wyntoun's Chronicle, in Anglia, 1898, xx. 363-80.

§ 49. LAW-WRITERS.

a. Principal Treatises, Nos. 1870-76.
b. Short Tracts, Nos. 1877-83.

The Quadripartitus and other law-books of the first half of the twelfth century, examined in § 36b, are in large part undigested collections of Anglo-Saxon dooms, with some amendments made. by William the Conqueror and his sons. The treatise of which Glanvill is the reputed author (No. 1874) marks considerable progress in the systematic exposition of English law, and embodies the legal reforms introduced by Henry II. In Henry III.'s reign Bracton, the greatest law-writer of medieval England, produced the first comprehensive survey of English law: No. 1870. In the last decade of the thirteenth century Fleta, Britton, and Thornton attempted to present Bracton's material in a more compendious form. Of these abridgments Britton's is the most valuable. The compendium, or Summa, of Gilbert Thornton, which seems to have been made in 1292, is not now extant; but a recent paper by G. E. Woodbine, on The Summa of Gilbert de Thornton (Law Quarterly Review, 1909, xxv. 44-52), contends that MS. Hale 135 in the library of Lincoln's Inn is a copy of Thornton's Summa. The author was chief justice of the king's bench. Our knowledge of the work is derived from Selden's dissertation on Fleta: No. 1872. To the reign of Edward I.