2 vols. London, 1882-85. [Poorly edited.]-The historical works of Simeon of Durham. Translated by Joseph Stevenson, Church Historians of England, vol. iii. pt. ii. London, 1855.

Historia Dunelmensis ecclesiæ, A.D. 635-1096, with two continuations, to 1154: Simeon's Opera, ed. Arnold, i. 1–169; Twysden's Scriptores X., 1-68, London, 1652; ed. Thomas Bedford, London, 1732. Written between 1104 and 1108. Deals mainly with the history of the church of Durham, but also supplies valuable information concerning the secular affairs of northern England, especially in the 9th century. The early portion of the work is derived chiefly from Bede's Ecclesiastical History and his Life of Cuthbert.

Historia regum, or Historia de regibus Anglorum et Dacorum, A.D. 616-1129: Simeon's Opera, ed. Arnold, ii. 1–283; Twysden's Scriptores X., 85-256; to A.D. 957, in Petrie's Monumenta, 645-88; Simeon's Opera, ed. Hinde, 1-131; extracts, ed. Pauli, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xiii. 157-60. This chronicle is in part derived from a Durham compilation which extended from A.D. 731 to 951 and was based on the lost Northumbrian annals (No. 1376) and on Asser. The passages taken from the lost annals are valuable for northern affairs. Simeon also used Florence of Worcester, especially from A.D. 887 onward. For the years 1119-29 the work is an independent authority. It was continued by John of Hexham (No. 1791) to 1154.

Arnold and Hinde edit various other pieces attributed to Simeon. He was a monk and precentor of the church of Durham. He probably died soon after 1129.

1768. *EADMER (d. circa 1124). Historia novorum in Anglia [circa A.D. 960-1122], ed. Martin Rule. Rolls Series. London, 1884.-Other editions: by John Selden, London, 1623; by Gabriel Gerberon, Paris, 1675, 1721 (reprinted, Venice, 1744); and in Migne's Patrologia, clix. 347-588, Paris, 1854.-Extracts, 1051-1121, ed. Pauli, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xiii. 139–48. Hanover, 1881.

The first recension appeared in 1112, and the work was completed in 1124. The early portion relates mainly to Lanfranc's career; the bulk of the history comprises a minute contemporary account of the relations of Anselm to William II. and Henry I., 1092-1109. It is the best authority on the investiture controversy. The last two books deal with the history of the see of Canterbury, 1110-1122. Liebermann believes that as regards unity of plan and of treatment this work has no equal among the great historians of England in the 12th century. Eadmer was a monk of Christ church, Canterbury, and the confidential adviser of Anselm. See Felix Liebermann, Ueber Eadmer, in Geschichtsquellen (No. 586), 284-302; Father Ragey, Eadmer, Paris, etc., [1892]; and Martin Rule, On Eadmer's Elaboration of the First Four Books of the Historia Novorum, Cambridge Antiq. Soc., Communications, 1888, vi. 195–304. For Eadmer's Life of Anselm, etc., see No. 2225.

1769. ELMHAM, THOMAS OF (d. circa 1428). Liber metricus de Henrico Quinto, ed. C. A. Cole, Memorials of Henry V., 77-166. Rolls Series. London, 1858.

Written in 1418-19; supplements the Gesta Henrici Quinti (No. 1789), also probably the work of Elmham. For the Vita et Gesta Henrici Quinti, ascribed by Hearne to Elmham, see No. 1814. For Elmham's History of the Monastery of St. Augustine, Canterbury, see No. 1364. He was a monk of that abbey in 1407 and prior of Lenton in 1414.

1770. Eulogium historiarum sive temporis: chronicon ab orbe condito usque ad annum domini 1366, a monacho quodam Malmesburiensi exaratum [with a continuation to 1413], ed. F. S. Haydon. Rolls Series. 3 vols. London, 1858–63.

A general survey of English history, probably written by a monk of Malmesbury named Thomas, who completed the work about 1367. The early part is a compilation from Geoffrey of Monmouth, Higden, and other chroniclers. The part 1356-66 is contemporaneous. The continuation to 1413, added by an unknown hand in the first half of the 15th century, is also valuable, especially for the proceedings of parliament in Richard II.'s time.

1771. FABYAN, ROBERT (d. 1513). The new chronicles of England and France [from Brutus to 1485], by Robert Fabyan, named by himself the Concordance of histories, reprinted from Pynson's edition of 1516, the first part collated with the editions of 1533, 1542, and 1559, ed. Henry Ellis. London, 1811.

In his attempt to harmonise the accounts of various chroniclers Fabyan shows little critical power. From 1189 onward the Concordance, which is written in English, has the form of a regular London chronicle, the record of each year being headed by the names of the mayor and sheriffs for that year. The rest of the work is of some value for the history of London and for the affairs of the kingdom, especially during the reigns of Edward IV. and Richard III. Fabyan was made sheriff of the city in 1493.

1772. FANTOSME, JORDAN. Chronique de la guerre entre les Anglois et les Ecossais en 1173 et 1174 [with a translation], ed. Richard Howlett, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., iii. 202-377- Rolls Series. London, 1886.— Other editions by Francisque Michel, Surtees Soc., 1840; and in his edition of the chronicle of Benoît de Sainte-Maure (No. 1840), iii. 531-613, Paris, 1844.-Extracts, ed. Liebermann, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xxvii. 53-59. Hanover, 1885.

Translated by Joseph Stevenson, Church Historians of England, iv. pt. i. 246-88: Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle. London, 1856.

This valuable Anglo-French poem was completed before 1183. Fantosme asserts that he saw many of the events which he narrates. He was chancellor of the diocese of Winchester.

1773. FITZ-THEDMAR, ARNOLD (d. 1275). De antiquis legibus liber cronica majorum et vicecomitum Londoniarum, 11881274 [with later additions in French to 20 Edward II.], ed. Thomas Stapleton. Camden Soc. London, 1846.-Extracts, ed. Pauli and Liebermann, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xxviii. 527-47. Hanover, 1888.—Translated by H. T. Riley: Chronicles of the mayors and sheriffs of London. London, 1863.

One of the most valuable of the regular London city chronicles. It deals with the history of the city and the kingdom, and seems to have been written in 1274. Probably it was called Liber de Antiquis Legibus because the MS. volume in which the chronicle is found contains various ancient enactments, notably the oldest code of ordinances for the government of the city-the building assize of Henry Fitz-Eylwin, A.D. 1189. The portion 1236-74, which is devoted mainly to the affairs of London, is fuller and more valuable than the part 1188-1235. The appendix (pp. 197-205) contains a chronicle of the years 1135-1223, in which Louis VIII.'s expedition to England in 1216-17 is minutely described. Fitz-Thedmar was an alderman of London, and loyally supported Henry III. against the barons.

1774. *Flores historiarum [from the creation to 1326], ed. H. R. Luard. Rolls Series. 3 vols. London, 1890.-Other editions, to the end of 1306, by Matthew Parker, [London], 1567, 1570; reprinted, Frankfort, 1601.-Extracts, 1154-1307, ed. Liebermann, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xxviii. 456–504. Hanover, 1888.--Translated by C. D. Yonge: The flowers of history, to 1307. Bohn's Antiquarian Library. 2 vols. London, 1853.

This chronicle was for a long time attributed to Matthew of Westminster, but we now know that he is an entirely imaginary person,' and that the work ascribed to him was written by various persons at various times. The earlier portion was taken mainly from the greater chronicle of Matthew Paris, and the oldest manuscript belonged at one time to Westminster abbey; therefore the two names were combined, and the fictitious Matthew of Westminster was spoken of as the author. The oldest manuscript, extending to 1265 and derived mainly from Matthew Paris, was written at St. Albans; it was then continued at Westminster by various hands to the close of 1306, with which year most of the manuscripts end. The continuation to 1325 was compiled by Robert of Reading, a monk of Westminster (d. 1325); and entries for the years 1325-26 were added by another

monk of Westminster. The part 1259-1326 is largely a contemporaneous record. The St. Albans writer, in his account of the events of the years 1259-65, favours the barons; but after its removal to Westminster the chronicle becomes royalist in tone. The most valuable notices of the reign of Edward I. are those that relate to the Scottish war. Robert of Reading displays strong feeling against Edward II.

See Luard's prefaces; Hardy, Catalogue of Materials, iii. 313-26, 399-445: Liebermann, in Pertz's Scriptores, 1888, xxviii. 456-62; Bémont's review of Luard's edition, in Revue Critique d'Histoire, new series, 1891, xxxi. 50-57.

1775. FORDUN, JOHN OF (d. circa 1384). Chronica gentis Scotorum [from Noah to 1383, with a translation], ed. W. F. Skene, in Historians of Scotland, vols. i. and iv. Edinburgh, 1871-72.-Other editions, with the title Scotichronicon: to 1066, in Gale's Scriptores XV., 563-699, Oxford, 1691; with Walter Bower's continuation, to 1437, by Thomas Hearne, 5 vols., Oxford, 1722; to 1437, by Walter Goodall, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1759.

This was the first attempt to write a complete history of Scotland; and the Scotichronicon, with Bower's continuation, became the groundwork of Scotch annals. Fordun was probably a chantry priest in the cathedral at Aberdeen. Walter Bower, abbot of Inchcolm (d. 1449), really wrote the part 1153-1437, but he made use of Fordun's notes to 1383. The Scotichronicon is valuable for the study of the relations of Scotland to England.

1776. Fragment (A remarkable) of an old English chronicle, or history, of the affairs of Edward IV. [1459-70], ed. Thomas Hearne, Thomæ Sprotti Chronica, 283-306. Oxford, 1719.The same, with modernised orthography, in Chronicles of the White Rose of York (No. 1668), 1-30. London, 1845.

This valuable fragment seems to be part of a biography of Edward IV., written between 1517 and 1524. The author, who favours the house of York, is well informed concerning the events which he narrates. See Jakob Engel, Kritische Bemerkungen über A Remarkable Fragment of an Old English Chronicle, Berlin, 1875, pp. 63.

1777. FROISSART, JEAN (d. circa 1410). Chroniques [13071400], ed. Siméon Luce and Gaston Raynaud. Vols. i.-xi., to 1385. Société de l'Histoire de France. Paris, 1869-99.-Older editions, to 1400: by J. A. [C.] Buchon, Collection des Chroniques Françaises, vols. xi.-xxv., 15 vols., Paris, 1824-26; and Kervyn de Lettenhove, 25 vols. in 26, Brussels, 1867-77.-Translated by John Bourchier, Lord Berners: Chronicles of England,

France, etc. 2 vols. London, 1523-25; reprinted, 2 vols., 1812, 4 vols., 1814-16, 6 vols., 1901-03; Globe edition, ed. G. C. Macaulay, I vol., 1899.--Translated by Thomas Johnes, 5 vols., Hafod, 1803-10; reprinted, 2 vols., 1839, 1848, 1852, 1857, 1874.

One of the most celebrated chronicles of France and one of the principal sources for the study of the Hundred Years' war. It also deals with the internal affairs of England. The part 1307-24 is very brief, and down to 1361 many passages are borrowed from Jean le Bel (No. 1811). Froissart travelled much. He was in England from 1361-66 as secretary to Queen Philippa, in 1367-68 he spent another year there, and in 1394 he made a third visit. In the later redactions of his chronicle his tone is hostile to

England. The work is valuable, but contains many errors. It was continued by Monstrelet (No. 1818). For the period not covered by Luce and Raynaud. Lettenhove's edition may be used. His indexes (vols. xx.-xxv.) are useful, and so are some of the documents that he prints: e.g. x. 517-33; xviii. 67-73, 84-86, 202-72; xx. 413-31. See also his articles in Bulletins de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, etc., de Belgique, 2nd series, 1865, xx. 659-83, 1869, xxviii. 367-84. On Froissart, see Mary Darmesteter, Froissart, Paris, 1894 (translated by E. F. Poynter, London, 1895); Salomon Reinach, Le Manuscrit des Chroniques de Froissart à Breslau, in Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 3rd series, 1905, xxxiii. 371-89; and the literature and other editions and translations mentioned in Potthast's Bibliotheca, i. 474-5, and Molinier's Sources, iv. nos. 3094, 3233. There is a severe criticism of the part of the chronicle relating to English history in Pauli's Geschichte von England (Gotha, 1855), iv. 731-2.

1778. GAIMAR, GEOFFREY. Lestorie des Engles solum la translacion maistre Geffrei Gaimar [A.D. 495-1100, with a translation], ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1888-89.-Other editions: to 1066, in Petrie's Monumenta, 764-829, London, 1848; A.D. 1066-1100, in Michel's Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, i. 1-64, Rouen, 1836; A.D. 4951100, by Thomas Wright, Caxton Soc., London, 1850.-Translated by Joseph Stevenson, Church Historians of England, vol. ii. pt. ii. Gaimar. London, 1854.

This rhyming French chronicle was written between 1135 and 1147. For the period before the Norman Conquest its chief sources are Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. For the portion after 1066 the author is indebted to Florence of Worcester or Simeon of Durham. Gaimar was a Norman by birth. Concerning his life little is known; he seems to have resided in Lincolnshire. See [H. T. Riley], Gaimar the Trouvère, in Gentleman's Magazine, 1857, cciii. 21-34; and Max Gross, Geffrei Gaimar, die Komposition seiner Reimchronik und sein Verhältnis zu den Quellen (v. 819-3974) [to A.D. 975], Erlangen, 1902, pp. 136.