204. KELHAM, ROBERT. A dictionary of the Norman or old French language; to which are added the laws of William the Conqueror. London, 1779.

This glossary comprises mainly words found in the medieval records of England. It is incomplete and unscholarly. The Laws of William the Conqueror have a separate title-page and pagination.

205. LA CURNE DE SAINTE-PALAYE, J. B. Dictionnaire historique de l'ancien langage françois. 10 vols. Niort, etc., 1875-82.

206. Luders, Alexander.

Essay on the use of the French

language in our ancient laws. [Bath, 1807.] pp. 82.

206a. MENGER, L. E. The Anglo-Norman dialect. New York, 1904.

2066. MÉTIVIER, GEORGES. Dictionnaire franco-normand, ou recueil des mots de Guernesey. London, etc., 1870.

207. MOISY, HENRI. Glossaire comparatif anglo-normand. 7 pts. Caen, etc., 1889-[95].

The introduction deals with the structure of Anglo-French. The work as a whole is inaccurate and untrustworthy.

208. ROQUEFORT, J. B. B. Glossaire de la langue romane. 2 vols. and supplement. Paris, 1808-20.

209. TOYNBEE, PAGET. Specimens of old French. Oxford, 1892.

Contains a useful glossary of 205 pages.

c. LATIN.

See Nos. 189, 196.

210. BRINCKMEIER, EDUARD. Glossarium diplomaticum. 2 vols. Gotha, 1850-63.

211. DIEFENBACH, LORENZ. Glossarium Latino-Germanicum mediæ et infimæ ætatis. [A supplement to Henschel's edition of Du Cange's Glossarium, with which it is now published.] Frankfort, 1857.

See No. 213.

212. DIEFENBACH, LORENZ.

Novum glossarium Latino

Glossarium media et

Germanicum mediæ et infimæ ætatis. Frankfort, 1867.

213. *DU CANGE, C. DUFRESNE. infimæ Latinitatis, ed. G. A. L. Henschel. 7 vols. Paris, 184050.-Other editions: 3 vols., Paris, 1678; by Benedictines and Pierre Carpentier, 10 vols., Paris, 1733-66; by Léopold Favre, 10 vols., Niort, 1883-87.

The best glossary of Low Latin; a rich mine of information concerning the middle ages, especially in France. Some of the additions made by Favre are of doubtful value. W. H. Maigne d'Arnis's Lexicon Manuale ad Scriptores Media et Infimæ Latinitatis (Paris, 1858, reprinted 1866) is a useful compendium of Du Cange's work, with some additions. See No. 211; also Charles Schmidt's Petit Supplément au Dictionnaire de Du Cange, Strasburg, 1906, pp. 72.

214. SPELMAN, HENRY. Glossarium archaiologicum. 3rd edition. London, 1687.-Only a part of the 1st edition, 1626, was published; 2nd edition, 1664.

215. WRIGHT, THOMAS. A volume of vocabularies. 2 vols. London, 1857-73.-2nd edition, by R. P. Wülker: Anglo-Saxon and old English vocabularies [Latin-English]. 2 vols. London, 1884.

For a useful general treatise on Celtic philology, with bibliographical material, see Georges Dottin, Manuel pour Servir à l'Etude de l'Antiquité Celtique, Paris, 1906.

General.

215a. HOLDER, ALFRED. Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz. 2 vols. and 2 pts. Leipsic, 1896 [1891]-1908.-Supplement (A-Cor), 1908-13.

Issued in parts. A dictionary of the earliest Celtic, including continental languages and British.

215b. PEDERSEN, HOLGER. Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen. 2 vols. Göttingen, 1909 [1908]-13.

215c. *ZEUSS, J. C. Grammatica Celtica e monumentis vetustis tam Hibernicæ linguæ quam Britannica dialecti Cambricæ Cornica Armoricæ nec non e Gallicæ priscæ reliquiis.

2 vols. Leipsic, 1853.-Another edition, in 1 vol., revised by H[erman] Ebel, Berlin, etc., 1871. Indexes, by B[runo] Güterbock and R[udolf] Thurneysen, Leipsic, 1881.

The foundation of the scientific study of Celtic grammar.

Cornish.

215d. JENNER, HENRY. A handbook of the Cornish language, chiefly in its latest stages, with some account of its history and literature. London, 1904.

215e. WILLIAMS, ROBERT. Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall. Llandovery, etc., 1865.

Irish.

See Cormac's Glossary (No. 1487); and Tomás Ó Máille on the language of the Annals of Ulster (No. 1713).

215f. ASCOLI, G. I. Glossarium palæo-hibernicum, in his

Illustrazioni al Codice Irlandese dell' Ambrosiana.
Glottologico Italiano, vol. vi. Rome, etc., 1888-1907.

A glossary of early Irish. Issued in parts; never completed.

Archivio

2158. DINNEEN, P. S. . . . An Irish-English dictionary. Irish Texts Soc. Dublin, etc., 1904.

A selected vocabulary of modern Irish ; more trustworthy than Edward O'Reilly's uncritical Sanas Gaoidhilge-Sagsbhearla, an IrishEnglish Dictionary, Dublin, 1817 (new edition, with supplement by John O'Donovan, [1864]). The caption of Dinneen's book is in Irish characters.

215h. *THURNEYSEN, RUDOLF.

Handbuch des AltGrammatik, Texte, und Wörterbuch. 2 vols.

Irischen :
Heidelberg, 1909.

Vol. i. Grammatik.

| Vol. ii. Texte und Wörterbuch. The most authoritative book on early Irish. See also Joseph] Vendryes, Grammaire du Vieil-Irlandais, Paris, 1908. For a grammar of modern Irish, see Graiméar na Gaedilge, by the Christian Brothers, Dublin, 1901; 2nd edition, 1906.

2151. WINDISCH, ERNST, and STOKES, WHITLEY. Irische Texte, mit Übersetzungen und Wörterbuch. Series i.-iv., 7 pts. in 5 vols. (the 1st series, containing the Wörterbuch, is by Windisch alone). Leipsic, 1880-1909.

Includes old and middle Irish without distinction. Like all other dictionaries of early Irish, it is by no means complete, and has been supplemented by numerous special glossaries. A general collection was begun by Kuno Meyer in his Contributions to Irish Lexicography (vol. i. pts. i.-[ii.], A-Dn, Halle, 1906 [1898]-07), and will be continued in the Irish Dictionary of the Royal Irish Academy, the first part of which (D-Degóir), edited by Carl Marstrander, appeared in 1913.

Scottish-Gaelic.

215j. Dictionarium Scoto-Celticum: a dictionary of the Gaelic language [ed. Macintosh Mackay). Highland Soc. of Scotland. 2 vols. Edinburgh, 1828.

215k. STEWART, ALEXANDER. Elements of Ga [e]lic grammar. Edinburgh, 1801; 3rd edition, 1876.

Based upon Stewart's book is one of the same name by H. Cameron Gillies, London, 1896; 2nd edition, 1902.

Welsh.

For a descriptive treatise on the Welsh language, see John Rhys, Lectures on Welsh Philology, London, 1877; 2nd edition, 1879. For Welsh legal terms, see Timothy Lewis, A Glossary of Medieval Welsh Law, based upon the Black Book of Chirk, Manchester, 1913.

2151. *EVANS, D. S. A dictionary of the Welsh language. Pts. i.-iv. (A-Dd). Carmarthen, etc., 1887-96.

So far as it goes, the best Welsh dictionary. For a vocabulary of the oldest Welsh, see J[oseph] Loth, Vocabulaire Vieux-Breton, Paris, 1884.

215m. PUGHE, W. O. A dictionary of the Welsh language explained in English. 2nd edition. 2 vols. Denbigh, 1832. -Earlier editions, 1793, 1803.

Prefixed to vol. i. is a Welsh grammar.

215n. STRACHAN, JOHN. An introduction to early Welsh. Manchester, 1909.

A systematic grammar and reader. For a historical grammar of Welsh, see J. M. Jones's Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford, 1913. For grammars of modern Welsh, see Thomas Rowland, A Grammar of the Welsh Language, Holywell, 1853 (4th edition, much enlarged, Wrexham, 1876); and E[dward] Anwyl, A Welsh Grammar for Schools, 2 pts. in 1 vol., London, etc., 1907.

§ 5. CHRONOLOGY.

The most nearly complete treatise is Ideler's. Giry's Manuel (No. 233), bk. ii., contains an admirable account, with elaborate tables. The best handbooks in English are those of Bond and Nicolas. In German the best theoretical manual is Rühl's, the best for practical use Grotefend's. There is an essay, entitled Chronology of Medieval Historians, in Petrie's Monumenta (No. 537), 103-28; and a review of the literature relating to chronology, in Mittheilungen des Instituts für Oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, 1904, xxv. 338-51. For ready reference, use may be made of Cappelli or Grotefend; of Augustus De Morgan's Book of Almanacs, London, 1851, pp. 89 (3rd edition, by E. J. Worman, Cambridge, 1907); or of J. E. Doliarius's Zweitausendjährige Kalendertafel (with supplementary sheet), and his Janus, ein Datumweiser für alle Jahrhunderte, both issued recently at Leipsic. Fuller tables will be found in Robert Schram's Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln, Leipsic, 1908. A special phase of chronology is treated by Gustav Bilfinger, Die Mittelalterlichen Horen und die Modernen Stunden, Stuttgart, 1892. See also No. 235.

216. Art (L') de vérifier les dates. Paris, 1750.-4th edition, by N. V. de Saint-Allais and others, 44 vols., 1818–44.

The best of the older works. The 3rd edition, 3 vols., 1783-87, is more convenient to use than the 4th.

217. BOND, J. J. Handy-book of rules and tables for verifying dates. London, 1866; 4th edition, 1889.

One of the most useful books for students of English history, but the parts that deal with general chronology are in need of revision. Contains tables of regnal years.

218. BUTCHER, SAMUEL. The ecclesiastical calendar; its theory and construction. Dublin, etc., 1877.

218a. CAPPELLI, A[DRIANO]. Cronologia e calendario perpetuo; tavole cronografiche e quadri sinottici per verificare le date storiche dal principio dell' era cristiana ai giorni nostri. Milan, 1906.

218b. GINZEL, F. K. Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie: Das Zeitrechnungswesen der Völker. 2 vols. Leipsic, 1906-11.