186. Yorkshire County Magazine, with which is incorporated the Yorkshire Notes and Queries. 4 vols. Bingley, 1891-94.

187. Yorkshire Notes and Queries. 2 vols. Bingley, 1888 [1885]-90.

Merged in the Yorkshire County Magazine in 1890. Another journal with the same name was published at Bradford from 1904 to 1909.

31

CHAPTER II

AUXILIARIES TO HISTORICAL STUDY

THE historian must turn to account all branches of knowledge, but there are certain studies, kindred to history, which he finds particularly useful. These are called by the Germans Hülfswissenschaften,' and by the French 'sciences auxiliaires.' Freeman (No. 7) calls them 'the satellites of history.' Their relations to history are well explained in Bernheim's Lehrbuch (No. 2), 5th edition, 279-323. For the literature of the subjects, see ibid.; Meister (No. 11a); Jahresberichte (No. 22); and the bibliographies of Dahlmann-Waitz and Monod (Nos. 28, 31).

§ 4. PHILOLOGY: DICTIONARIES AND

GLOSSARIES.

a. English, Nos. 188-99.
b. French, Nos. 200-209.
c. Latin, Nos. 210-15.
d. Celtic, Nos. 215a-n.

This section includes only those works which are of most service to students of English history. There is a useful catalogue of glossaries, etc., in W. W. Skeat's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, new edition, Oxford, 1910, pp. xxx.-xli. In seeking the meanings of old words the historian is frequently thrown upon his own resources, for the existing dictionaries, especially of Low Latin and Anglo-French, are very incomplete. Help is often afforded by the brief glossaries appended to many of the volumes of the Rolls Series (for example, the Monumenta Gildhalla, and the works of Higden, Pecock, Robert of Gloucester, and Robert of Brunne), or by the glossaries in the publications of the Selden and Surtees societies and in such works as Stevenson's Records of Nottingham, Höhlbaum's Hansisches Urkundenbuch, vol. iii., Gross's Gild Merchant, Nichols's edition

of Britton, Atkinson's Vie de St. Auban, Lamond's Walter of Henley, Miss Neilson's Customary Rents (Oxford, 1910), etc. A bibliography of such glossaries would be useful.

For works dealing with the structure of the medieval languages, see Bernheim (No. 2), 5th edition, 286-9; Gustav Gröber, Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie, 2 vols. in 5, Strasburg, 1888-1902 (2nd edition, vol. i., 1904-06); and Hermann Paul, Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, 2 vols. in 3, Strasburg, 1891-93 (2nd edition, 3 vols. in 4, 1900-09). The best account of Anglo-French is in W. W. Skeat's Principles of English Etymology, 2nd series, Oxford, 1891, pp. 1-136. See also Behrens (No. 200a); Johan Vising, Etude sur le Dialecte Anglo-Normand du XII Siècle, Upsala, 1882, pp. 104; Emil Busch, Laut- und Formenlehre der Anglonormannischen Sprache des XIV. Jahrhunderts, Greifswald, 1887, pp. 71; Westphal (No. 352); and especially Maitland's introduction to Year Book 1-2 Edward II. (see p. 34, below). On the Scandinavian element in the English language, see Erik Björkman, Scandinavian Loan-Words in Middle English, 2 pts., Halle, 1900-1902.

a. ENGLISH.

See Nos. 215, 3224a; and R. P. Wülker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der Angelsächsischen Litteratur (Leipsic, 1885), 99-ΙΟΙ.

188. BOSWORTH, JOSEPH. An Anglo-Saxon dictionary, based on the manuscript collections of Joseph Bosworth, ed. T. N. Toller. Oxford, 1882-[98].-Supplement, pt. i. (A-E), 1908.

The best Anglo-Saxon dictionary; it entirely replaces Bosworth's Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language (London, 1838), which is untrustworthy.

189. Catholicon Anglicum, an English-Latin wordbook, dated 1483, ed. S. J. H. Herrtage. Early English Text Soc. London, 1881.-The same edition, Camden Soc., London, 1882.

190. Century dictionary (The), ed. W. D. Whitney. 6 vols New York, [1889-91].-Supplement, ed. B. E. Smith, 2 vols., [1909].-Revised edition, by B. E. Smith Century dictionary and cyclopedia. 12 vols. New York, [1911].

2 vols.

191. GREIN, C. W. M. Sprachschatz der angelsächsischen Dichter. Cassel, etc., 1861-64.-New edition, by J. J. Köhler, I vol., Heidelberg, 1912.

A good glossary of words found in Anglo-Saxon poetry.

192. HALLIWELL, J. O. A dictionary of archaic and provincial words, obsolete words, proverbs, and ancient customs, from the fourteenth century. 2 vols. London, 1846; 11th edition, 1889; 6th edition, in 1 vol., 1904.

The various editions seem to have been printed from the same plates.

193. *MÄTZNER, EDUARD. einem Wörterbuche. Vol. ii. Berlin, 1878 [1872]-1900.

Altenglische Sprachproben, nebst
Wörterbuch, pts. i.-xiii. (A-M).

194. *MURRAY, J. A. H., and BRADLEY, HENRY. A new English dictionary on historical principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological Society. Vols. i.-X., in part (A-T). Oxford, 1888-1914.

195. NARES, ROBERT. A glossary of words, phrases, etc., in the works of English authors. London, 1822.-New edition, by J. O. Halliwell and Thomas Wright, 2 vols., 1859; reprinted, 1888, and, in I vol., 1905.

196. Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, lexicon Anglo-Latinum princeps, auctore fratre Galfrido Grammatico dicto, A.D. circa 1440, ed. Albert Way. Camden Soc. 3 vols. London, 1843-65.-Another edition, by A. L. Mayhew, Early English Text Soc., 1908.-Earlier editions, 1499, 1508, 1516, etc.

197. STRATMANN, F. H. A dictionary of the old English language. Krefeld, 1867; 3rd edition, 1878.-New edition, by Henry Bradley: A middle-English dictionary. Oxford, 1891; reprinted, 1914.

Bradley's edition is especially valuable.

198. SWEET, HENRY. The student's dictionary of AngloSaxon. Oxford, 1897.

199. WRIGHT, JOSEPH. The English dialect dictionary. 6 vols. London, 1898 [1896]-1905.

Contains English dialect words which are known to have been in use at any time during the last two hundred years in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The eighty volumes published by the English Dialect Society between 1873 and 1896 are incorporated in this dictionary. At the end of vol. vi. Wright reprints his English Dialect Grammar, 1905.

D

b. FRENCH.

'I know of nothing more disgraceful to such a land as England, the lawyers of which have made more or less use of Anglo-French for some eight hundred years, than the fact that no one has yet taken in hand to make a reasonably useful dictionary, or even a vocabulary, of this highly important language: W. W. Skeat, Principles of English Etymology, 2nd series, 1891, p. 26. We have now, however, Maitland's paper, Of the Anglo-French Language in the Early Year Books, in Year Book 1-2 Edward II. (Selden Soc., London, 1903), introd., xxxiii.-lxxxi.; reprinted in Cambridge History of English Literature (No. 37a), vol. i. ch. xx. For town French of the fourteenth century, see Studer's supplement to his edition of the Oak Book of Southampton (No. 2391c). A glossary of Anglo-French is being prepared by L. O. Pike.

200. ATKINSON, ROBERT. Vie de Seint Auban [St. Alban]. London, 1876.

Contains a valuable Anglo-French glossary, pp. i.-cxlvii.

2008. BEHRENS, DIETRICH. Beiträge zur Geschichte der französischen Sprache in England. [Französische Studien, ed. G. Körting, vol. v. pt. ii.] Heilbronn, 1886.

Supplemented by his essay, Französische Elemente im Englischen, in Paul's Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie, 2nd edition (Strasburg, 1901), i. 950-89. See also Ernst Burghardt, Ueber den Einfluss des Englischen auf das Anglonormannische (Studien zur Englischen Philologie, ed. L. Morsbach, no. xxiv.), Halle, 1906, pp. 112.

201. BURGUY, G. F. Grammaire de la langue d'oïl, suivi d'un glossaire. 3 vols. Berlin, 1853-56; 2nd edition, 1869-70.

Vol. iii. Glossaire.

202. DU CANGE, C. DUFRESNE. Glossaire françois, faisant suite au Glossarium mediæ et infimæ Latinitatis, ed. Léopold Favre. 2 vols. Niort, 1879.

This glossary will also be found in vol. vii. of Henschel's edition of the Glossarium, and in vol. ix. of Favre's: see No. 213.

203. *GODEFROY, FRÉDÉRIC. Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française [with supplement]. Io vols. Paris, 1881-1902. -Abridged edition, in I vol. : Lexique de l'ancien Français. Paris, [1898-1901.