Emma and the contemporary Vita Edwardi (Nos. 1365, 1378); these are of some value for the study of political history in the eleventh century. For biographies of prelates, etc., see § 38d. For the careers of Sweyn, Cnut, and other Danish chieftains who invaded Britain, see Adam of Bremen (No. 1356), the War of the Gaedhil (No. 1380), Langebek's Scriptores (No. 585), and the Norse sagas (§ 35). A more detailed enumeration of editions, and other information concerning the chroniclers of the Anglo-Saxon period, will be found in the works mentioned in § 2, especially in Potthast's Bibliotheca, Hardy's Catalogue of Materials, the Cambridge History of English Literature, vol. i., and Manitius's Lateinische Literatur. See also the Dictionary of National Biography (No. 305); Hodgkin's History of England (No. 632a), app. i. ; and cf. Petrie's Monumenta (No. 537), preface. 1349. *Anglo-Saxon chronicle (The). Chronicon Saxonicum, ed. Edmund Gibson. Oxford, 1692.-The Saxon chronicle, with an English translation, ed. James Ingram. London, 1823; new edition of the translation, in Everyman's Library, London, [1912]. -Edited, with a translation, in Petrie's Monumenta (No. 537), 291-466. London, 1848.-The Anglo-Saxon chronicle, with a translation, ed. Benjamin Thorpe. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1861.-Two of the Saxon chronicles parallel, ed. John Earle. Oxford, 1865.-The same, ed. Charles Plummer, on the basis of Earle's edition. 2 vols. Oxford, 1892-99. [This is the best edition.]—Excerpts, 767-1129, with a Latin translation, ed. Pauli, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xiii. 103-120. Hanover, 1881.-Translated by J. A. Giles, 1847 (new edition, 1912), and J. Stevenson, 1853 (Nos. 574, 597); and by E. E. C. Gomme, London, 1909. This is the oldest historical work written in any Germanic language, and is the basis of most of our knowledge of Anglo-Saxon history from the year 732 onward. The MSS., with the periods which they cover, are: A Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, clxxiii. (B.C. 60-A.D. 1070). C=Cotton, Tib. B. i. (B.c. 60-A.D. 1066). E = Bodleian, Laud, 636 (Inc.-A.D. 1154). The compilation of each MS. has been identified with a religious house in southern England: hence A is called the Winchester chronicle; B has been assigned to Canterbury; C to Abingdon; D to Worcester; E to Peterborough; F to Canterbury; G is largely a late copy of A. The greater part of G was destroyed in the Cottonian fire of 1731, but the whole was printed by Abraham Wheloc in 1643. The best authorities regard A as the oldest, but believe that it is a copy of an older original of the 9th century, from which also the other MSS. (B-G) were derived directly or indirectly. Thorpe's valuable edition contains the texts of six MSS. (A-F) in parallel columns. In the introduction to Earle's edition of A and E we find for the first time a careful investigation of the structure and pedigree of all the MSS. Some writers believe that the Chronicle was first compiled in Alfred's reign and at his command; but the researches of Earle, Grubitz, and Horst show that the Alfredian compilation was merely the continuation and expansion of older annals. As to the nature of the original nucleus or germinating point opinions diverge. The nucleus probably comprised brief contemporary Latin annals written at Winchester in the 7th and 8th centuries; this work was continued and expanded about the year 855, and again in Alfred's reign, about 892. The annals of the first five centuries seem to have been inserted by the Alfredian compiler, who made considerable use of Bede down to 732. From Alfred's time onward the Chronicle was continued independently in different monasteries until the second half of the 12th century. This independence gradually caused so great divergence in the various MSS. that we are justified in regarding them as a series of distinct works with a common basis, a series to which we may apply the plural designation, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. The best contributions to our knowledge of this subject are those of Earle, Plummer, Grubitz, and Horst. The fullest account is Plummer's, in vol. ii. of his edition of the Chronicle; he believes that the idea of a national chronicle as opposed to local annals was Alfred's, and that the idea was carried out under Alfred's supervision. For a résumé of his views, see Revue Historique, 1901, lxxvi. 137-8. Literature: GRUBITZ, ERNST. Kritische Untersuchung über die angelsächsischen Annalen bis zum Jahre 893. Göttingen, 1868. pp. 34. (In his opinion the nucleus of the oldest part of the Chronicle comprises brief contemporary annals compiled at Canterbury and dealing with local ecclesiastical matters; of these annals there are traces from A.D. 664 to 833. In the middle of the 9th century they were continued either at Canterbury or at Winchester in the form of general annals to 855, with Wessex as the central point of interest; and in this continuation much attention was given to the Danes and to military affairs. Probably after 870 additions were made at Winchester from B.C. 60 to A.D. 755, and from 855 onward.) HARDY, T. D. Catalogue of materials, i. 647–60. London, 1862. HORST, KARL, Zur Kritik der altenglischen Annalen. Darmstadt, 1896. pp. 39. (Praises Thorpe's edition and criticises Earle's. Believes that a compilation of annals to 865 was made, probably at Winchester, before 871, and was continued by the same writer to the close of 893. MS. C originated, not at Abingdon, but in Dorset, perhaps at Sherborne.) HORST, KARL. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der altenglischen Annalen. Englische Studien, xxiv. 1-16, xxv. 195–218, etc. Leipsic, 1897–98. (Examines the pedigree of the MSS.) HOWORTH, H. H. The Anglo-Saxon chronicle. Pts. i.-iii. Royal Archæol. Institute of Great Britain, Archæol. Journal, 1908, lxv. 141-204; 1909, lxvi. 105-44; 1912, lxix. 312-70. (Expansion of papers that appeared in the Athenæum, 1877, Sept. 8, pp. 308-10; 1879, Sept. 20, pp. 367-9; 1880, Oct. 9, pp. 465–7 ; 1882, Aug. 12, pp. 207-8. See also his notes in the English Historical Review, 1900, xv. 748-54. Believes that the Chronicle, as it has come down to us, was compiled at Winchester in the 10th century, and that the oldest MS. is B, not A.) Keller, WolfgGANG. Die litterarischen Bestrebungen von Worcester in angelsächsischer Zeit. Strasburg, 1900. pp. 104. (Deals mainly with the Worcester version of the Chronicle.) KUPFERSCHMIDT, MAX. Ueber das Handschriftenverhältniss der Winchester-Annalen. Englische Studien, xiii. 165-87. Heilbronn, 1889. (Deals with the relations of the MSS. to each other and to the lost original.) PAULI, REINHOLD. Two of the Saxon chronicles parallel [a review of Earle's edition]. Göttingische Gelehrte Anzeigen, ii. 1406-23. Göttingen, 1866. SCHMID, REINHOLD. Die Chroniken der Angelsachsen [a review of Ingram's edition]. Hermes, oder Krit. Jahrbuch der Literatur, XXX. 286-314. Leipsic, 1828. THEOPOLD, LUDWIG. Kritische Untersuchungen über die Quellen zur angelsächsischen Geschichte des achten Jahrhunderts, 1-70. Lemgo, 1872. (Criticises the chronology of the Chronicle: all dates from 754 to 828 are two years too early; from 829 to 839 they are three years too early.) 1350. Annales Anglosaxonici breves, A.D. 925-1202, ed. Felix Liebermann, Ungedruckte Geschichtsquellen, 1-8. Strasburg, 1879. Brief notices of events written in Anglo-Saxon to 1109, with a Latin continuation to 1202; compiled by monks of St. Augustine, Canterbury; begun late in the 11th century and continued by various hands. 1351. * Annales Cambria (A.D. 444-954, with a continuation to 1288], ed. John Williams ab Ithel. Rolls Series. London, 1860. The part A.D. 444-1066, in Petrie's Monumenta (No. 537), 830-40. London, 1848.-The Annales Cambria [A.D. 457-954] and old Welsh genealogies, ed. Egerton Phillimore. Soc. of Cymmrodorion, Y Cymmrodor, ix. 141-83. London, 1888. [Well edited.]-Excerpts from the continuation (known as Annales Meneviæ and Annales Stratæ Florida), 1107-1273, ed. Liebermann, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xxvii. 442–4. Hanover, 1885. This is the best authority for early Welsh history, and seemingly the basis for all later chronicles of Wales. It was compiled about 954, probably at St. Davids, and perhaps by Blegewyrd, archdeacon of Llandaff. The earlier portion seems to be derived from an Irish chronicle. Although the work deals mainly with Wales, it contains some brief but valuable notices of English events from A.D. 597 onward. The latter part of the continuation was probably written in the monastery of Strata Florida. In the editions of 1848 and 1860 the Annales have been amalgamated with two later chronicles. For a valuable paper on the Annales Cambriæ, see Egerton Phillimore's Publication of Welsh Historical Records, Soc. of Cymmrodorion, Y Cymmrodor, 1892, xi. 133-75. 1352. Annales Lindisfarnenses [A.D. 532-993] et annales Dunelmenses [A.D. 995–1199], ed. Pertz, in Monumenta Germ. Hist., Scriptores (No. 594), xix. 502-8. Hanover, 1866. These brief northern annals were discovered by Pertz at Glasgow in 1862. They were compiled at different times by various persons. Pertz's view, that they are contemporary annals and that they were used by Simeon of Durham, is combated by L. Theopold, Kritische Untersuchungen (Lemgo, 1872), 71-73. For other remains of early Northumbrian historiography, see No. 1376. 1353. Annals of Ireland: three fragments copied from ancient sources by Dubhaltach Mac Firbisigh [Irish text, with a translation], ed. John O'Donovan. Irish Archeol. and Celtic Soc. Dublin, 1860. The age of the MS. from which these annals were copied is not known. They extend from about A.D. 573 to 913, and dwell especially upon the military achievements of the princes of the territory of Ossory and Leix. 1354. *ASSER (d. circa 909). Asser's Life of king Alfred, together with the Annals of Saint Neots erroneously ascribed to Asser, ed. W. H. Stevenson. Oxford, 1904. [With valuable introduction and notes.]-Annales rerum gestarum Ælfredi Magni, ed. Francis Wise. Oxford, 1722.-Also in Petrie's Monumenta (No. 537), 467-98; based on Wise's edition. London; 1848. -Older editions: by Parker, 1574; by Camden, 1602 and 1603 Nos. 576, 593.--Brief extracts, ed. Pauli, in Pertz's Scriptores (No. 594), xiii. 120–22. Hanover, 1881.--Translated by J. A. Giles, 1848 (reprint, 1908), J. Stevenson, 1854, and E. Conybeare, 1900 (Nos. 574, 597, 1532a); by A. B. Cook, Boston, [1906]; and by L. C. Jane, London, 1908. Asser, a monk of St. Davids, went to the court of Alfred about 884 to assist the king in his studies, and a few years later he was made bishop of Sherborne. His life of Alfred, compiled about 894, consists of two parts: (1) a narrative of events, A.D. 849-887, drawn mainly from the AngloSaxon Chronicle; (2) an account of Alfred's career to 893, based on the author's personal observations. By some writers the work used to be regarded as spurious; but Stevenson shows that it may be considered trustworthy and valuable, though it doubtless contains many later interpolations. For the literature of the older controversy, now superseded by Stevenson's scholarly introduction, see the first edition of Gross's Sources (London, 1900), p. 180. The only MS, then known to exist was destroyed in the Cottonian fire of 1731. 1355. *BEDE, or BEDA (672 or 673-735). Venerabilis Bedæ Historiæ ecclesiasticæ gentis Anglorum libri quinque, ed. John Smith. Cambridge, 1722.-Other editions: by Joseph Stevenson, English Hist. Soc., London, 1838; J. A. Giles, with a translation, 2 vols., London, 1843; Robert Hussey, Oxford, 1846; Petrie, Monumenta (No. 537), 103-289, London, 1848; G. H. Moberly, Oxford, 1869, reprinted, 1881; bks. iii.-iv., J. E. B. Mayor and J. R. Lumby, Cambridge, etc., 1878, 3rd edition, 1881; Alfred Holder, Freiburg, etc., 1882, 2nd edition, 1890; Charles Plummer, 2 vols., Oxford, 1896 [the best edition].— Translated by J. A. Giles, 1840 (cf. Nos. 574, 582-3); by J. Stevenson, 1853 (No. 597); by Lewis Gidley, London, 1870; [by L. C. Jane], Temple Classics, London, 1903; by A. M. Sellar, London, 1907, revised edition, 1912; and in Everyman's Library, London, [1910].—Bk. iii., ed. C. S. Wallis and C. H. Gill, translated by A. M. Sellar, London, 1909, pp. 88; and ed. T. J. Williams-Fisher, London, 1910 [Latin and English].-König Alfreds Übersetzung von Bedas Kirchengeschichte, ed. Jacob Schipper, in C. W. M. Grein's Bibliothek der Angelsächsischen Prosa, vol. iv. Leipsic, 1899.-The old English version of Bede's Ecclesiastical history, with a translation, ed. Thomas Miller. Early English Text Soc. 2 pts. London, 1890-98.-A middleIrish fragment of Bede's Ecclesiastical history [bks. i.-ii., ed. E. G. Cox], in Anecdota from Irish MSS., ed. O. J. Bergin, Kuno Meyer, and others, iii. 63-76, Halle, etc., 1910 [Irish text only]; reprinted, with introduction and English translation, in Studies in Celebration of the Seventieth Birthday of J. M. Hart, |