1332. GUMMERE, F. B. Germanic origins: a study in primitive culture. New York, 1892.

1333. HANSSEN, GEORG. Agrarhistorische Abhandlungen. 2 vols. Leipsic, 1880-84.

One of the best authorities on early agrarian history.

1334. HILDEBRAND, RICHARD. Recht und Sitte auf den verschiedenen ['primitiveren' in 2nd edition] wirtschaftlichen Kulturstufen. Pt. i. Jena, 1896; 2nd edition, 1907.

The Germans in the time of Cæsar and Tacitus, pp. 39-133.

1335. HOOPS, JOHANNES. Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Vols. i.-ii. pt. ii. (A-G). Strasburg, 1911-14.

1336. KAUFMANN, GEORG. Deutsche Geschichte bis auf Karl den Grossen. 2 vols. Leipsic, 1880-81.

Vol. i. Die Germanen der Urzeit.

1337. LAVELEye, Emile de. De la propriété et de ses formes primitives. Paris, 1874; 5th edition, 1901.

Adopts Von Maurer's mark theory.

1338. MAURER, G. L. VON. Geschichte der Markenverfassung in Deutschland. Erlangen, 1856.

His views on this subject will also be found in his Einleitung zur Geschichte der Markverfassung, etc., Munich, 1854. He was the first to elaborate the theory of the mark, or the free village community with communal ownership of land, though Kemble had already applied the theory to England in 1848. Few good authorities now accept Von Maurer's extreme views, but his theory as a whole still has strong adherents.

1339. *MEITZEN, AUGUST. Siedelung und Agrarwesen der Westgermanen und Ostgermanen, etc. 3 vols. and atlas. Berlin, 1895.

1340. *MÜLLENHOFF, KARL. Deutsche Alterthumskunde. 5 vols. in 6 pts. Berlin, 1870-1900; new edition of vols. i.-ii., 1890-1906.

Valuable, especially for the study of German ethnology. Vol. iv., published in 1898-1900: Die Germania des Tacitus (the best commentary).

1341. Ross, D. W. The early history of land-holding among the Germans. Boston, 1883.

He believes that the early land system was based upon the principle of private property, and not upon any principle of collectivity or communalism.

1342. SCHRÖDER, RICHARD.

Lehrbuch der deutschen

Rechtsgeschichte. Leipsic, 1889; 5th edition, 1907.

Die germanische Urzeit, 11-90.

1343. SICKEL, WILHELM. Der deutsche Freistaat. Halle, 1879.

1344. SYBEL, HEINRICH VON. Entstehung des deutschen Königthums. Frankfort, 1844; 2nd edition, 1881.

1345. THUDICHUM, FRIEDRICH. Der altdeutsche Staat, mit Uebersetzung und Erklärung der Germania des Tacitus. Giessen, 1862.

1346. *WAITZ, GEORG. Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vol. i. Die Verfassung des Volkes in ältester Zeit. Kiel, 1844;

3rd edition, Berlin, 1880.

The most nearly complete exposition of early German institutions.

1347. ZELLER, JULES. Histoire d'Allemagne. [Vol. i.]; Origines d'Allemagne. Paris, 1872.

1348. Zeuss, KASPAR. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme. Munich, 1837.

Valuable for the study of German ethnology. Deals also with the Celts, etc., 160-209, 567-78,

233

PART III

THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD

CHAPTER I

ORIGINAL SOURCES

DOMESDAY BOOK, which is of great importance for the study of Anglo-Saxon institutions, is examined in § 50a.

§ 34. CHRONICLES AND ROYAL BIOGRAPHIES.

For the events of the fifth and sixth centuries we must rely mainly upon the meagre information afforded by Gildas. Nennius, who has evoked so much discussion in recent years, is of little value as a historical authority, and Geoffrey of Monmouth is romantic.

From 596 onward we have two safe guides, the two most important authorities mentioned in this section, namely, Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. From them Ethelwerd (No. 1366) and the Latin chroniclers of the twelfth century, notably Florence of Worcester, Simeon of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, and William of Malmesbury, derive most of their facts regarding Anglo-Saxon history; but these later writers, especially Simeon of Durham, add some information drawn from sources not now extant. See No. 1376; Petrie, Monumenta (No. 537), 83-92, 522-829; Earle, Two of the Saxon Chronicles (No. 1349), pp. lix.-lxvii. Bede is the foremost exponent of Northumbrian culture, which was unequalled elsewhere in Europe in the seventh and eighth centuries; and his Historia Ecclesiastica, with its connected narrative or grouping of facts, represents a type of historical writing quite distinct from the brief chronological memoranda of events contained in the annals or chronicles. The germinating point of the latter is to be sought in contemporary Latin notes or jottings entered in the margins of Easter

tables, a practice which began in England probably not long after the coming of Augustine and was introduced into the kingdom of the Franks by English missionaries. These chronological notes were soon copied, amplified, and continued as independent works. See Wattenbach, Geschichtsquellen (No. 33), 7th edition, i. 154-7, 165-7; and, for the use of Easter tables at Canterbury, Reading, and Peterborough in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, Liebermann, Geschichtsquellen (No. 586), 1, 9, 13. In the elaboration of the Easter-table jottings, old popular songs and royal genealogies (No. 1368) were sometimes turned to account. Thus were produced some of the annals that were used in the earlier portions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which originated in southern England. To this category of annalistic works belong also four remnants of Northumbrian historiography, the Annales Lindisfarnenses, the Chronologia Brevissima, the Continuatio Bedæ, and the lost chronicle (Nos. 1352, 1359, 1361, 1376); also the Annales Cambriæ, and the Annals of Tigernach (Nos. 1351, 1377). The last two are the primary authorities for Wales and Ireland respectively; from them later writers derive much of their information regarding this period: they are, indeed, to Welsh and Irish history what the AngloSaxon Chronicle is to English history. Of these later derivatives the Brut y Tywysogion, the Annals of Ulster, and the Chronicon Scotorum (Nos. 1713, 1728, 1752) deserve particular mention, because, although the first is based partly upon the Annales Cambriæ, and the other two upon Tigernach, they contain additional information concerning the early history of England, Ireland, and Wales.

Another group of sources comprises the monastic histories. of Ramsey, Abingdon, Crowland (spurious), Ely, and Hyde (Nos. 1357, 1358, 1371–3), all compiled after the Conquest. They are a combination of the chartulary and the chronicle, dealing mainly with local ecclesiastical history, but also containing some details as to the general affairs of the kingdom and interesting illustrations of customs and institutions. Simeon's History of the Church of Durham (No. 1767) gives some valuable information regarding the secular affairs of northern England in the ninth century. Still more local in their scope are the tract on the siege of Durham and Elmham's work on Canterbury (Nos. 1362, 1364).

Of royal biographies Asser's life of Alfred is the most important. Two others are also worthy of notice, the Encomium