1264. NICHOLAS, THOMAS. The pedigree of the English people. London, 1868; 5th edition, 1878.

Tries to prove that the Celtic element forms the ethnical basis of the English people. Nicholas borrows much from Pike (No. 1266),

1265. PFLUGK-HARTTUNG, JULIUS VON. The Druids of Ireland. Royal Hist. Soc., Trans., new series, vii. 55-75. London, etc., 1893.

W. F. Tamblyn, in his recent paper on British Druidism and the Roman War Policy (American Historical Review, 1909, xv. 21-36), maintains that there is no sure proof from any quarter that druidism or druids ever existed in Britain.

1266. PIKE, L. O. The English and their origin. London, 1866.

Contends that the Celts formed an important element of the English people.

1267. RHYS, JOHN. Celtic Britain. London, etc., 1882; 3rd edition, revised, 1904.

A good short account.

1268.

Lectures on the origin and growth of religion as

illustrated by Celtic heathendom. London, 1888.

1269. SKENE, W. F. Celtic Scotland. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1876-80; 2nd edition, 1886-90.

Vol. i. ch. ii. Roman Britain.

Vol. i. ch. iv. Ethnology of Britain.

Valuable.

Vol. iii. chs. iv.-v. The tribe in
Ireland and Britain.

1270. VALROGER, LUCIEN DE. Les Celtes; la Gaule celtique. Paris, 1879.

Pt. iii. Celts of Great Britain. | Pt. iv. Old Welsh and Irish law.

1270a. WINDISCH, ERNST. Das keltische Brittannien bis zu Kaiser Arthur. Königl. Sächsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen, Philol.-Hist. Classe, vol. xxix. no. 6. Leipsic, 1912.

CHAPTER II

THE ROMANS IN BRITAIN

THE great repositories of materials for the study of this period are Petrie's Monumenta, Hübner's Inscriptiones, and Horsley's Britannia Romana (Nos. 537, 1284, 1302). 'Archæology has much to tell us concerning it [the period of the Roman occupation], but history is almost altogether silent. A few sections of Dion Cassius, some confused notices in the Historia Augusta, a page or two of Ammianus Marcellinus, are practically all that is left to us of the written history of our country from Agricola to Stilicho ': Hodgkin, Political History of England (No. 632a), 52.

§ 29. GREEK AND ROMAN WRITERS, ETC.

The principal passages relating to Roman Britain are found in Cæsar's Commentaries ; Strabo's Geography; Pliny's Natural History; Tacitus's Agricola (best edition by Henry Furneaux, Oxford, 1898), Histories, and Annals; Suetonius's Twelve Cæsars; Ptolemy's Geography; Dion Cassius's Roman History; the Itinerary of Antonine; Ammianus Marcellinus's History; and the Notitia Dignitatum. These passages, and all the information concerning Britain furnished by other contemporary writers, will be found in Petrie's Monumenta. See also Hardy's Catalogue of Materials, vol. i. pp. cxvi.cxxxiv., and Cayzer's Britannia : Nos. 45, 1271. Next to Cæsar and Tacitus, the Itinerary of Antonine and the Notitia Dignitatum (Nos. 1273-4) are of the greatest value. Peutinger's Tabula and the Anonymus Ravennas (Nos. 1275-6) supplement the Itinerary of Antonine. On these three geographical works, see Horsley (No. 1302), and H. F. Tozer, History of Ancient Geography, Cambridge, 1897, ch. xiv. The spurious treatise ascribed to Richard of Cirencester (No. 1271a) gives a fictitious itinerary of Britain. The information concerning

the laws and government of Britain furnished by the Greek and Roman authors is very meagre. The Codex Theodosianus, ed. Gustav Haenel, Bonn, 1842 (new edition, by Theodor Mommsen and P. M. Meyer, Theodosiani Libri XVI., etc., vols. i.-ii., Berlin, 1905), lib. xi. tit. vii. § 2 ('De exactionibus '), contains a brief rescript of the fifth century relating to Britain, in which the decurion is mentioned.

1271. CAYZER, T. S. Britannia: a collection of the principal passages in Latin authors that refer to this island. London, 1878.

1271a. CIRENCESTER, RICHARD OF.' The description of Britain, translated from Richard of Cirencester, with the original treatise De situ Britanniæ, and a commentary on the Itinerary [ed. Henry Hatcher]. London, 1809.

This treatise was first published in C. J. Bertram's Britannicarum Gentium Historiæ Antiquæ Scriptores Tres: Ricardus Corinensis, Gildas, Nennius (Copenhagen, 1757), 1-60. For other editions, and for arguments proving that it could not have been written by Richard of Cirencester in the 14th century, but that it was probably fabricated by Bertram, see B. B. Woodward, A Literary Forgery, Richard of Cirencester's Tractate on Britain, in Gentleman's Magazine, new series, 1866, i. 301-8, 617-24, ii. 458-66, and 1867, iv. 443-51; and Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale (ed. J. E. B. Mayor, Rolls Series, 2 vols., 1863-69), vol. ii. pp. xvii.-clxiv. Mayor gives a full account of the history of this spurious work. See Nos. 574, 582, 1516; and, for Bertram's life, Dictionary of National Biography, 1885, iv. 412-13.

1272. GALE, THOMAS. Antonini iter Britanniarum commentariis illustratum; accessit anonymi Ravennatis Britanniæ chorographia. London, 1709.

See Nos. 1273, 1276.

1273. *Itinerarium Antonini Augusti et Hierosolymitanum, ed. Gustav Parthey and Moritz Pinder. Berlin, 1848.

Antonine's Itinerary names the principal stations and towns in the Roman empire, with the intermediate distances. It was probably compiled in the 2nd century by one of the Antonines, either Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; but the edition which has come down to us belongs to the time of Diocletian or of Constantine the Great. See William Burton, Commentary on Antoninus his Itinerary, London, 1658; Thomas Reynolds, Iter Britanniarum, Cambridge, 1799; Guest, Origines Celticæ (No. 1263), ii. 101-18; [J. J.] Raven, The British Section of Antonine's Itinerary (a series of papers in the Antiquary, 1900-1904, vols. xxxvi.-xl.

passim); A. C. Yorke, Iter V. and Iter IX. of Antonine, Cambridge Antiq. Soc., Proceedings, 1907 [1903-06], xi. 2-74; Jahresberichte (No. 22), xxiv. I., 101; the Catalogue of the British Museum Library, under ' Antoninus Augustus'; and Nos. 1272, 1302.

1274. *Notitia dignitatum, ed. Eduard Böcking. 2 vols. in 3, and index. Bonn, 1839-53.-Also ed. Otto Seeck, Berlin, 1876 (the better edition, but Böcking gives a more detailed commentary); and extracts (translation only), ed. William Fairley, Philadelphia, 1899, pp. 40.

This work is an official register or list of the military and civil dignitaries in both the eastern and the western empire, with the names of the places at which they were stationed, and the number of troops under their command. It was probably compiled under Honorius early in the 5th century. Mommsen (in Hermes, 1901, xxxvi. 544–7) shows that the date of the last redaction is about 425 A.D. For the editions and literature, see Potthast, Bibliotheca (No. 25), ii. 868; and No. 1302.

1275. Peutingeriana tabula itineraria nunc primum arte photographica expressa. Vienna, 1888.—Another edition: Die Weltkarte des Castorius genannt die Peutinger'sche Tafel, ed. Konrad Miller. 2 vols. (text and atlas). Ravensburg, 1887-88. -The best editions are: Tabula itineraria Peutingeriana, edited, with a valuable introduction, by Conrad Mannert, Leipsic, 1824 ; and La Table de Peutinger, ed. Ernest Desjardins, nos. i.-xiv., Paris, 1869-74.

This chart or map of the world in the time of the Romans is 21 ft. long and I ft. wide. The oldest existing copy, now at Vienna, was made by a monk of Colmar in 1265, and belonged to Konrad Peutinger of Augsburg in the first half of the 16th century. It traces the lines of the roads throughout the Roman empire, marking the military stations and indicating the distances between them. The part relating to Britain is incomplete. Miller ascribes the work to a cartographer of Rome called Castorius, who compiled it about A.D. 366; but Mannert adduces strong evidence that it was drawn up in the 3rd century, while Desjardins believes that some portions belong to the age of Augustus and others to the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries. See No. 1302.

1276. Ravennatis anonymi Cosmographia et Guidonis Geographica, ed. Moritz Pinder and Gustav Parthey. Berlin, 1860.

This Ravenna cosmographer seems to have flourished about A.D. 650. He enumerates the Roman stations. See Nos. 1272, 1302; M. A. P. d'Avezac-Macaya, Le Ravennate et son Exposé Cosmographique, Rouen, 1888; and, for the editions, etc., Potthast, Bibliotheca (No. 25), i. 498.

$30. ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS:

INSCRIPTIONS, ETC.

The most valuable of the older collections of Roman remains is Horsley's Britannia Romana (No. 1302). Much material will also be found in the treatises and journals mentioned in § II, and in the works on local history (§ 24), especially Haverfield's sections on Roman Remains in the Victoria county histories (No. 839). The inscriptions throw some light on the provincial administration and military history of Britain, but they are so brief and obscure that they do not add much to our historical information. A victorious legion, the death of a commander, the performance of a vow, a tribute to the memory of a departed relative, are the subjects generally commemorated.' The best collection of inscriptions is Hübner's (No. 1284); there are smaller collections in Petrie's Monumenta and McCaul's work (Nos. 537, 1287). For Roman coins, see § 10; for Roman forts, etc., No. 393a. See A. H. Lyell, A Bibliographical List descriptive of Romano-British Architectural Remains in Great Britain, Cambridge, 1912.

1277. Antonine wall report (The): an account of excavations made under the direction of the Glasgow Archæological Society. Glasgow Archæol. Soc. Glasgow, 1899. II plates.

See also George Macdonald, Roman Wall in Scotland, Glasgow, 1911.

1278. BOYLE, J. R. The Roman wall: a reconstruction of its problems. Archæol. Review, iv. 81-106, 153-83. London, 1890 [1889].

1278a. *BRUCE, J. C. The Roman wall. Newcastle, 1851; 3rd edition, London, 1867.

Contains also an account of coins, inscriptions, and other remains. This work is reproduced in a condensed form in his Handbook of the Roman Wall, 5th edition, London, 1907.

1279. BRUTON; F. A. (editor). Excavation of the Roman forts at Castleshaw. Manchester, 1908.-The Roman fort at Manchester. Manchester, 1909.

See No. 383c.

1279a. *CODRINGTON, THOMAS. Roman roads in Britain. London, 1903; 2nd edition, 1905.

The best book on the subject. See also U. A. Forbes and A. C. Burmester, Our Roman Highways, London, 1904.