(1) up to $5,000,000 for the fiscal year 1984 shall be available to carry out this title; and (2) $5,000,000 for the fiscal year 1985 shall be available only to carry out this title. Previous years' authorizations were: fiscal year 1986 $4,800,000; fiscal year 1987-$5,000,000; fiscal year 1988 $4,600,000; fiscal year 1989 $5,000,000; fiscal year 1990 $4,600,000; fiscal year 1991-$5,200,000. 24 Sec. 102(1) authorized funds for "Administration of foreign affairs" within the Department of State for fiscal years 1984 and 1985. Authorizations for "Soviet-East European Research and Training" in following years appeared in State Department Authorization Acts for those years. 25 22 U.S.C. 4509. Sec. 810 was repealed by sec. 209 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 (Public Law 102-138; 105 Stat. 694). It had provided that "Th provisions of this title shall cease to be effective at the end of the 10-year period beginning the date of enactment of this title.". c. Assistance to Africa NOTE. See also Legislation (1) Horn of Africa Recovery and Food Security Act Public Law 102–274 [S. 985], 106 Stat. 115, approved April 21, 1992 AN ACT To assure the people of the Horn of Africa the right to food and the other basic necessities of life and to promote peace and development in the region. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1.1 SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "Horn of Africa Recovery and Food Security Act". SEC. 2.1 FINDINGS. The Congress makes the following findings: (1) The Horn of Africa (the region comprised of Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, and Djibouti) is characterized by an extraordinary degree of food insecurity as a result of war, famine, mounting debt, recurrent drought, poverty, and agricultural disruption, as well as gross violations of human rights, political repression, environmental destruction, and the breakdown of such essential services as primary education and health care. (2) Internal conflict and famine have killed an estimated 2,000,000 people in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia since 1985, and generated another 8,000,000 displaced persons and refugees, a number so high as to make millions wards of the United Nations and the international community. Relief officials now estimate that another 15,000,000 to 20,000,000 people are threatened by starvation as civil war and drought continue to ravage the area. (3) Governments and armed opposition groups in Ethiopia, Sudan, and Somalia have been guilty of gross violations of human rights, which further erode food security in those countries. (4) Assistance policies have failed in large part because of political and economic insecurity, which have prevented the de 1 22 U.S.C. 2151 note. velopment of programs to achieve sustainable development and programs to achieve food security. (5) Appropriate assistance should promote real food security, which means access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life and the availability of sufficient income and food to prevent chronic dependency upon food assistance. (6) The end of the Cold War rivalries in the Horn of Africa affords the United States the opportunity to develop a policy which addresses the extraordinary food security problem in the region. (7) Notwithstanding other pressing needs, the United States must accordingly fashion a new foreign policy toward the Horn of Africa and cooperate with other major donors and the United Nations (A) to develop an emergency relief plan which meets the immediate basic human needs that arise as long as civil strife and famine afflict the region; (B) to promote immediately cease-fires, secure relief corridors, and an end to these conflicts; and (C) to provide creative developmental assistance which attacks the root causes of famine and war and assists these nations on the path to long-term security, reconstruction, voluntary repatriation, economic recovery, democracy, and peace, and which targets assistance to assist the poor majority more effectively. SEC. 3. STATEMENT OF POLICY REGARDING INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES. (a) ETHIOPIA.-It is the sense of the Congress that the President should— (1) call upon the authorities who now exercise control over the central government in Ethiopia to protect the basic human rights of all citizens, to release from detention all political prisoners and other detainees who were apprehended by the Mengistu regime, and to facilitate the distribution of international relief and emergency humanitarian assistance throughout the country; (2) urge all authorities in Ethiopia to make good faith efforts to (A) make permanent the cease-fire now in place and to permit the restoration of tranquility in the country, and (B) make arrangements for a transitional government that is broadly-based, that accommodates all appropriate points of view, that respects human rights, and that is committed to a process of reform leading to the writing of a constitution and the establishment of representative government; and (3) support efforts to ensure that the people of Eritrea are able to exercise their legitimate political rights, consistent with international law, including the right to participate actively in the determination of their political future, and call upon the authorities in Eritrea to keep open the ports of Mitsiwa and Aseb and to continue to permit the use of those ports for the delivery and distribution of humanitarian assistance to Eritrea and to Ethiopia as a whole. (b) 2 SOMALIA. It is the sense of the Congress that the President should (1) use whatever diplomatic steps he considers appropriate to encourage a peaceful and democratic solution to the problems in Somalia; (2) commit increased diplomatic resources and energies to resolving the fundamental political conflicts which underlie the protracted humanitarian emergencies in Somalia; and (3) ensure, to the maximum extent possible and in conjunction with other donors, that emergency humanitarian assistance is being made available to those in need, and that none of the beneficiaries belong to military or paramilitary units. (c) SUDAN. It is the sense of the Congress that the President should (1) urge the Government of Sudan and the Sudanese People's Liberation Army to adopt at least a temporary cessation of hostilities in order to assure the delivery of emergency relief to civilians in affected areas; (2) encourage active participation of the international community to meet the emergency relief needs of Sudan; and 2 Two concurrent resolutions were considered and agreed to in the 102d Congress to reenforce this sense of the Congress. S. Con. Res. 132, agreed to in the Senate on August 3, 1992, and in the House on August 10, 1992, resolved: "That the Congress "(1) condemns in the strongest possible terms the senseless and wanton destruction wrought by the political factions in Somalia; "(2) strongly urges these factions to abide by the United Nations ceasefire and to allow the deployment of security forces to protect humanitarian relief deliveries and workers; "(3) commends the dedicated and energetic efforts of United Nations Secretary-General Boutros Boutros Ghali, and his Special Envoy to Somalia, Ambassador Mohammed Sah noun; "(4) pays tribute to the courageous and heroic actions of the relief agencies working in Somalia; "(5) calls upon the international community, through the United Nations, and in particular the United Nations specialized agencies, to immediately expand its relief efforts in Somalia; "(6) recognizes with appreciation the July 27, 1992, statement of the President urging the United Nations to deploy a sufficient number of security guards to permit relief supplies to move into and within Somalia, and committing funds for such an effort; and “(7) urges the President to work with the United Nations Security Council to deploy these security guards immediately, with or without the consent of the Somalia factions, in order to assure that humanitarian relief gets to those most in need, particularly the women, children and elderly of Somalia.". H. Con. Res. 370, agreed to in the House on October 2, 1992, and in the Senate on October 8, 1992, resolved: "That the President should "(1) express to the United Nations Security Council the desire and the willingness of the United States to participate, consistent with applicable United States legal requirements, in the deployment of armed United Nations security guards, as authorized by the Security Council, in order to secure emergency relief activities and enable greater numbers of international and Somali organizations and people to provide relief and rehabilitation assistance; "(2) express to the United Nations Security Council that the exigency of the crisis in Somalia warrants authorization by the Security Council of the deployment of United Nations security guards even in the event that an invitation by the various warring Somali factions cannot be obtained; “(3) encourage discussion of alternative strategies for solving the political crisis in Somalia; "(4) support the United Nations-sponsored relief coordination conference for Somalia scheduled for mid-October 1992; and "(5) make every effort to ensure that adequate United States financial support exists for the United Nations to carry out its humanitarian and peacekeeping/peacemaking mission in Somalia.". (3) take steps to achieve a permanent peace. SEC. 4. HORN OF AFRICA RELIEF AND REHABILITATION PROGRAM. (a) EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF AND REHABILITATION ASSISTANCE. It should be the policy of the United States in promoting equitable distribution of relief and rehabilitation assistance in the Horn of Africa (1) to assure noncombatants (particularly refugees and displaced persons) equal and ready access to all food, emergency, and relief assistance and, if relief or relief agreements are blocked by one faction in a region, to continue supplies to the civilian population located in the territory controlled by any opposing faction; (2) to provide relief, rehabilitation, and recovery assistance to promote self-reliance; and (3) to assure that relief is provided on the basis of need without regard to political affiliation, geographic location, or the ethnic, tribal, or religious identity of the recipient. (b) MAXIMIZING INTERNATIONAL RELIEF EFFORTS.-It should be the policy of the United States in seeking to maximize relief efforts for the Horn of Africa (1) to redouble its commendable efforts to secure safe corridors of passage for emergency food and relief supplies in affected areas and to expand its support for the growing refugee population; (2) to commit sufficient resources under title II of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (relating to emergency and private assistance programs), and under chapter 9 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (relating to international disaster assistance), to meet urgent needs in the region and to utilize unobligated security assistance to bolster these resources; (3) to consult with member countries of the European Community, Japan, and other major donors in order to increase overall relief and developmental assistance for the people in the Horn of Africa; (4) to lend the full support of the United States to all aspects of relief operations in the Horn of Africa, and to work in support of United Nations and other international and voluntary agencies, in breaking the barriers currently threatening the lives of millions of refugees and others in need; and (5) to urge the Secretary General of the United Nations to immediately appoint United Nations field coordinators for each country in the Horn of Africa who can act with the Secretary General's full authority. (c) HORN OF AFRICA CIVIL STRIFE AND FAMINE ASSISTANCE.— (1) AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE.-The President is authorized to provide international disaster assistance under chapter 9 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 for civil strife and famine relief and rehabilitation in the Horn of Africa. (2) DESCRIPTION OF ASSISTANCE TO BE PROVIDED.-Assistance pursuant to this subsection shall be provided for humanitarian purposes and shall include |