The Metals Used in Construction: Iron, Steel, Bessemer Metal

according acid action amount ANALYSIS application bars becomes Bessemer blast bottom brass called carbon carried cast cast-iron cent charcoal charge chemical clay cleaned Cleveland closed cloth coal coating cold combined completely condition construction containing converting copper covered described edition effect employed Engineer fire fuel furnace give given graphite hard hearth heat hot-blast Illustrated increased introduction iron known lead less lime lining malleable manganese manufacture mass material matter means mechanical melted metal method MICHIGAN mixed mixture nature obtained operation ordinary oxide oxygen passed phosphorus pieces pig-iron placed plates powdered practice present produced proportion puddling quantity reduced refining removed render result sand side Silica slag steam steel strength strong subjected sulphur surface tables taken temperature tion TREATISE UNIVERSITY usual various vessel weight welding whole zinc