Arab Civilization to A.D. 1500

Abbasid Abd al-Malik Abū Tammām according ad-Dawla ad-Din adh-Dhahab Aḥmad Akhbar al-Andalus al-Buldān al-Fārābī al-Ibar al-Kindi al-Ma'arif al-Ma'mun al-Mas'udi al-Waqidi alchemy Allāh already appears Arabian Arabic text arabischen Aristotle astrology at-Tabari at-Tib az-Zamān Baghdad Bakr Beirut Bishr Brockelmann Byzantine Cairo Caliph called century A.D. cited contemporary D. M. Dunlop Damascus death died doubt East edition Egypt evidently famous Fihrist geographical Goeje Greek Hārūn historians History Hitti Ibid Ibn Abi Uṣaybi'a Ibn Khaldun Ibn Khallikān Ibn Qutayba Iraq Islam Jābir Khalid Khazars Kitāb known later Latin Leiden Lévi-Provençal Maqqari Mas'udi mentioned Mu'awiya Muḥammad Muqaddimah Murūj Mūsā Muslim Nafḥ Nallino original Paris perhaps Persian philosopher poet poetry Ptolemy quoted Qur'an Rabi'a Rhazes Rīda Risāla Rosenthal says seems Sīnā Slane sources Spain Syria Tabari Tanbih Tarikh tion trans translation treatise Umar Umayyad verses vols writing Wüstenfeld Yazid Zubayda