Berlin, phenology, 186.

Bernina hospice, sun temperatures, 238.
Bert, chlorophyl and light, 42.

Berthelot, ammonia and soils, 138, 139, 159.
light and vegetation, 38.
nitrifying bacteria, 147, 151.
Bertholon, germination, 42.
Bessel's formula in phenology, 212.
Bibliography, 365-375.

Billings, bacteriology of air, 130.
Birch, phenology of, 281, 290.
Birner, potatoes and moisture, 119.
Black-bulb temperatures, 171, 238.
Blight, wheat, 268.

Blooming, see Flowering.

Bodö, Norway, sunshine and cloudiness, 74.
Bogota, Colombia, wheat, 180.

Böhm, chlorophyl and light, 39.
Boitard, germination, 43.

Bokhara, Asia, plant development, 231, 232.
Bonnier, climate and vegetation, 40.

Boston, Mass., evaporation experiments, 105.
Boussingault, assimilation, 75-78.

coefficient of growth, 40.

fixation of nitrogen, 147, 155.
ripening of grain, 73.

soil nitrogen, 142, 143.

summation of temperatures, 169, 320-331.
thermal constants, 169.

vegetation and light, 37.

Braunschweig, Germany, phenology, 173.
Bréal, fixation of nitrogen, 137, 151-154.

Breslau, Germany, plant development, 217, 220,

231.

Brewer, cereals, 300-304.

wheat, 314-318.

Briem, beets and potatoes, 309.

sugar beets and rainfall, 125.

Broadcast sowing, 337, 355–358.
Brogniart, germination, 44.

Brookings, S. Dak., cereals, 318-331.

soil temperatures, 59, 60.

Brunswick, Germany, phenology, 173.

Brussels, Belgium, phenology, 182-186, 213-214.

Buckwheat, albuminoids and cellulose, 18.

water content, 116.

Bunsen, photochemical researches, 92.
Bunt, wheat, 341.

Burckhardt, germination, 28.

Burgundy, France, thermal constants, 257.

Caldwell, maize experiments, 333.
Calendar, phenological, 292.

Calèves, France, harvest and rainfall, 246.
California, plant growth and cold, 129.
Campbell-Stokes, sunshine recorder, 99.
Canada, soil temperatures, 63.

sunshine recorder, 99.

thaws and tree growth, 128.

Candolle, de, beans, 307, 309.
chlorophyl, 76.

climatic laboratory, 7, 24.
germination, 28-36, 43.

summation of temperatures, 40.

thermal constants, 278.
vegetation and light, 39.

Caracas, Venezuela, thunderstorms and nitrates,
135.

Carbohydrates, 17.

Carbon, assimilation of, 141.

Carbonic acid gas, absorption by plants, 18.

decomposition of, 38, 42.

exhalation of, 49, 50, 51.

Carlsruhe, Germany, phenology, 186, 235.

Catalogue of authorities, 365–375.

Catania, Italy, chemical intensity of sunshine, 94.
Cell structure, 16.

Cellulose, 16-18.

Celosia cristata, germination, 28-36.

Cereals, acclimatization, 300-304.

albuminoids, 312-314.

Brookings experiments, 318–331.
climate and soils, 364.

limit of cultivation, 187.
varieties, 251.

weather, 248.

Champagne, France, thermal constants, 251.

Charts, isophenological, 243.

Chemical measurement of sunshine, 96.

Chestnut, phenology, 282-290.

Chile, potatoes in, 80.

Chinook winds, 128.

Chiswick, England, radiation temperatures, 235,

238.

Chlorophyl, and absorbent media, 77.

climate, 77.

formation, 38, 42, 75.

function, 22.

light and air, 37.

Christiania, Sweden, acclimatization, 233.

thermal constants, 217.

Clausius, sunlight, 81, 82.

Climate and cereals, 364.

changes of, 295–298.

control of, 9.

favorable and unfavorable, 16.

influence on crops, 364.

plant structure, 77.

sugar beets, 259-263.

wheat, 251-256, 263–272.

vegetation, 188, 244, 245.

Climatic laboratory, 7, 24-27.

Climatic tables, for phenological study, 272-277.

Climatic zones, 221, 224.

Climatology, 15.

Cloëz, chlorophyl, 75.

Cloudiness, and absorption of carbonic acid

gas, 47.

actinometry, 90.

data for phenology, 273.
soil temperature, 21.

Clover, albuminoids, 18.
fertilization by, 158.

fixation of nitrogen, 160.
water consumption, 113, 119.
Codazzi, thermal constants, 170.
Coefficient of growth, 40.

Colin, germination, 33, 37.

thermal constants, 170.

Collomia coccinea, germination, 28-36.

Colombia, wheat, 180.

Columbia, S. C., prize corn crop, 165.

Comparison of harvests, 362-363.

Compensation, theory of, 219.

Composition of crops, 18.

Conjugate thermometers, 81-89, 97, 283.

Constant, solar, 91.

Constants, phenological, 168, 189-191, 223-226, 239,

uncertainty of, 229.

Corn. See Maize.

prize crops, 164.

Cornell University, germination experiments, 37.
Corvallis, Oregon, soil temperatures, 62.

Cotton, 303-306.

Coutagne, phenological formula, 178-179.

Cracow, Austria-Hungary, fixation of nitrogen,
154.

Crops and fertilizers, 162–166.

water and, 116.

weather and, 247-251.

Cultivation and evaporation, 108.
crops, 331, 355-358.

prize crop, 165.

soil moisture and drainage, 114, 115.
Cuminum cyminum and latitude, 244.
Currant, phenology, 280.
Cyanometer, 99.

Darkness and absorption, 48, 50.
exhalation, 51.
germination, 42, 43, 45.
respiration, 19.

vegetation, 37.

Darwin, germination, 44.

Daubeny, light and vegetation, 26.
sunshine and temperature, 71.

Day-degrees, 73.

Deblanchis, leaf temperature, 174.
vegetation and temperature, 174.

Decades, Dove's, 274.

Degree, actinometric, 85, 86, 177.
Dehérain, fertilization, 145, 158.
soil nitrogen, 142.
transpiration, 69-71.

Desains, actinometer, 99.
chlorophyl, 76.

Descroix, Ballani's actinometer, 97.
evaporation data, 104.
phenological data, 273-274.

Detmer, germination, 44.

plant development and cold, 338–340.
Diastase, 17.

Dodge, seeding and crop yield, 357-358.

statistical tables, 7.

Döllen, acclimatization gardens, 221.

Dombes, France, fixation of nitrogen, 150.

Dorpat, Russia, thermal constants, 238.

Dove, climatic factors, 234.

pentads and decades, 102, 274.

Drainage and soil nitrogen, 364.

Draper, light and chlorophyl, 76.

light and vegetation, 26.

Drill planting, 334, 337, 355-358.

Drontheim (Throndhjem), Norway, plant devel-

opment, 39.

Drought, 337, 363.

Drouin, nitrifying bacteria, 149, 159.

Dryness and plant growth, 19, 80.

Duchartre, germination, 44.

Durasno, Teneriffe, acclimatization garden, 221.
Durin, sugar beets, 310.

Dust, atmospheric, 130.

Ebermayer, forest temperatures, 7.

Economy in plant-life, 232.

Edwards, germination, 33, 37.

thermal constants, 170.

Effective temperature, 170.
Eggs, grasshopper, 36.

hatching, 36.

Eisenlohr, phenology, 235.

Elder, phenology of the, 281–290.
Electricity, atmospheric, 131.

and vegetation, 27.

Elevation, influence on date of harvest, 278, 279.

See also Altitude.

Emory, soil thermometers, 66.

Engelmann, chlorophyl, 77.

England, average wheat crop, 179.
soil temperature, 58.

transpiration, 69.

wheat and temperature, 180, 181.

Epernay, France, wine crop and weather, 256, 257.
Epochs, phenological, 167, 172.

Erman, acclimatization of grain, 220.

phenological constants, 212.

Europe, grain culture, 243–247.
grape culture, 295–298.
phenological charts, 243.
phenological epochs, 171-172.

Evaporation and crop yield, 245, 246.
cultivation, 108.

data for phenology, 273.
from a plant, 19.

soil temperature, 53.
water surface, 104.
wind, 107.

Evaporimeter, Piche, 106.
Everett, soil temperature, 58.
Exhalation of carbonic acid gas, 49-52.
Experimental hothouses, 24-37.

plats, 352-355.

Factors, climatological, 223, 232, 234.

Faivre, germination and light, 44.

Falling of leaves, epoch of, 186.

Fécamp, France, chemical effect of sunshine, 96.
Ferrel, actinometric theory, 83, 188.
Fertilization, clover, 158.

Fertilizers, 162-166.

crop yield, 121.

nitrogen, 133, 134.

rotation of crops, 162.

soil temperature, 54.

Fittbogen, water and crops, 118, 122, 123.

Fitzgerald evaporation, 105.

Fixation of nitrogen, 136–161.

Flahault, chlorophyl, 39.

sunlight, 40.

Flax, water consumption, 125.

Fleischer, germination, 44.
Flowering, and altitude, 278.

epoch of, 182, 185, 278-290.
phenological constant of, 291, 293.
second, 218.

Flowering, and temperature, 172.

thermal constant, 191, 226.

of vine, 257.

of wheat, 252, 267.

Food crops, cells of, 16.

Forest, and change of climate, 296.
studies, 8.

temperature variations in, 7.
thaws, 128.

Formulæ, actinometric, Ferrel's, 88.
Lambert's, 84.

Laplace's 84.

Marié-Davy's, 88.

evaporation, Fitzgerald's, 105.

Russell's, 106.

phenological, Bessel's, 212.

Kabsch's, 173.

Foster, maize, 324–327.

Fractional parts, law of, 223, 232.

France, phenology, 278-290.

rye and wheat, 41.

Frank, fixation of nitrogen, 157, 159.

fungi and plant growth, 138.

Frankfort, Germany, phenological obervations,

236, 243.

Frear, maize, 333.

Freezing, germination at, 33.

plants and seeds, 338, 340.

Fritsch, phenological epochs, 167-189.

phenological experiments, 189-211.
phenological list, 191.

phenological predictions, 242.

Fritz, changes of climate, 295-298.

Frondescence, 293.

Frost, and plant development, 237, 252, 256.

and wheat, 266, 340.

Fructification, 293.

Fruit, color and sunlight, 77.

ripening of, 15.

Fungi, distribution, 340.

and plant development, 138.

Gardner, light and vegetation, 26.
Garreau, assimilation, 67.

Gasparin, effective temperature, 170.
flowering of grape, 257.
initial temperature, 251, 279.
phenological epochs, 172.
phenological list, 172.

sun temperatures, 39.

thermal constants, 169, 278.

wheat, 251, 252, 264.

wind and vegetation, 129.

Gautier, nitrifying bacteria, 149, 159.

Geneva, N. Y., cultivation and bacteria, 108.

fertilization experiments, 163.

maize and peas, 335-337.

plat experiments, 353.

soil temperatures, 53.

Geneva, Switzerland, phenology, 186.

Geography, plant, 40, 233.

Georgeson, soil temperatures, 54.

Germany, potatoes, 80.

Germination, absorption of oxygen, 18, 48, 49.

albumen, 35.

beginning, 35.

light, 37, 42, 52.

Germination, absorption of moisture, 37.

temperature, 28-36.

Germs and agriculture, 130.

forests, 130.

Giessen, Germany, phenology, 236-243.
phenological calendar, 292.
Gilbert, evaporation, 245.
fertilizers, 145.

nitrogen, fixation of, 151.
in rain, 135.

loss by soils, 142.

sources of, 137.

plat experiments, 355.

Girard, rainfall and sugar beets, 126.

Gluten, in wheat, 41.

Goff, percolation, 109.

soil temperatures, 53.

Goodale, physiological studies, 15.

Görlitz, plant development, 231.
Gossypium, 303-306.

Grain, acclimatization, 220.

culture in Europe, 243–247.
thermal constants, 73.
Grandeau, nutrition of plants, 40.
Grape, and climate, 295-298.

crop and weather, 256-259.
water consumption, 13.

Grasses, acclimatization, 299.
germination, 307.

time of harvest, 310, 312.

water consumption, 113, 119.

Grasshopper, hatching, 36.

Grassmann, sugar beets and rainfall, 126.

Gratiolet, chlorophyl and temperature, 75.

Gray, phenological observations, 292.

Green, soil thermometers, 65.

Greenhouses, 79.

Greenwich, England, soil temperatures, 58, 59.

Grignon, France, fertilization, 145.

"Gröbers," Germany, experiment station, 125.

Gröningen, Netherlands, phenology, 186.
Growth, coefficient, 40.

factors of, 244-245.

influence of light and heat, 37.
plant, 15.

Guastalla, Italy, phenology, 185.
Guettard, transpiration, 69.

Guillemin, light and vegetation, 26.

Guntz, chlorophyl and climate, 77.

Guyot, phenological observations, 292.

Haberlandt, crops and water, 116, 122, 123.

oats and light, 39.

soil evaporation, 110.

wheat, germination, 339.

Habit, law of, 232.

Haddonfield, N. J., wheat and temperature, 180.

Hallett, wheat, 301.

Halsnö, Norway, sunshine, 74.

Hamburg, Germany, plant development, 231.

Hammond, cotton, 305, 306.

Harrisburg, Pa., maize experiments, 333.

Harvard University, botanical experiments, 27.

Harvest and climate, 364.

epoch of, 278-290.

heat and moisture, 23.

quantity and quality, 23.

water supply, 116-118.

Hatching, grasshopper eggs, 36.
Heading of wheat, 265.

Heat and chlorophyl, 38, 75.

fractional parts, 223, 232.
germination, 137.
harvest, 23.

plant development, 221.
respiration, 19, 48.
ripening of grain, 73.

solar, and latitude, 91, 219.

Heer, climatic zones, 221.

Heidelberg, Germany, insolation, 82.
intensity of sunshine, 93.
plant development, 231.

Heiden, germination and light, 44.
Heinrich, crops and water, 119.

Hellriegel, fixation of nitrogen, 136, 151–155.
shade and plant development, 79.
water and crops, 117.
Helmersen, fruit trees, 231.
Henry, phenological observations, 292.
Heraeus, fixation of nitrogen, 139.
Heredity and acclimatization, 295–308.
Herodotus, climate of Assyria, 296.
Himalayas, grasses, 299.

sun temperatures, 238. .

Hochgebirge, sun temperatures, 238.

Hoehner, transpiration, 112.

Hoffmann, phenological investigations, 236-243.

phenological notation, 291.

thermal constants, 174.

Holter, grasses, 311.

Hooker, black-bulb temperatures, 238.

Hop vines, pruning, 341.

Horse chestnut, phenology, 280.

Hough, phenology, 5.

Houghton Farm, N. Y., soil temperatures, 53, 66.

Humboldt, germination, 45.

phenology, 72.

sunshine, 169.

Hunt, germination, 307.

maize experiments, 334, 335.

Huron, S. Dak., meteorological data, 320-330.
Hydrocarbons, 17.

Hygrometric data, 273.

Iberis amara, germination, 28–36.

Iceland, acclimatization, 217.

Ihne, phenological notation, 291.

Ilionkoff, crops and water, 116.

Illinois, maize experiments, 334-335.
"Inclosure" of the thermometer, 238.
Indiana, maize experiments, 331.
Ineffective temperatures, 34-36.
Ingenhousz, germination, 42.
Initial date, 238.

point in phenology, 168-189, 213, 214, 218.
temperature, 279–290.

Inoculation of soils, 136-161.

Insolation, measurement, 82, 90, 91.

compensation, theory of, 219.

Instructions, phenological, 291.

International Meteorological Tables, 101.

Irkutsk, Siberia, cereals, 187.

Irrigation, 23, 234.

acclimatization, 362.

crop yield, 116.

Isanthesic lines, 184, 189, 278.
Isochimenal lines, 72.
Isophenological lines, 242.
Isotheral lines, 72.
Isothermal lines, 72,

Japan, soil temperatures, 54.
Java, climatic zone, 225.
Jensen, wheat smut, 341.
Jordan, sunshine recorder, 99.
Joulie, fertilizer, 246.

fixation of nitrogen, 150.

Kabsch, phenological formula, 173.
Kalm, acclimatization of maize, 220.
Kansas, oats, 337.

sorghum, 337.

Keith, germination, 43.
Kentucky blue grass, 307.

Kew, atmospheric electricity, 131.
insolation, 82.

photochemical researches, 93, 94.
Khiva, Central Asia, plant development, 231.
Kidney beans, transpiration, 71.

Kief, Russia, plant development, 231.
Kiel, Germany, intensity of sunlight, 95.
Knight, pruning and tuber development, 80.

Köppen, germination, 335.

Kraus, pruning, 341.

Krakow, Austria-Hungary, fixation of nitro-

gen, 154.

Kupffer, limit of cultivation, 187.

Laboratory, climatic, 24-27.

Lachmann, thermal constants, 173.

Ladd, fertilizers, 163.

grasses, 310.

Lambert's formula, 84.

Langenthal, pruning and tuber development, 80
Laplace, sunshine, 84.

Lapland, acclimatization, 220.

phenology, 186.

Latitude, and plant development, 242.
ripening, 243.

solar heat, 91.

vegetation, 183-186, 218.

Laurent, fixation of nitrogen, 150, 151.

plant nutrition, 77.

Lausanne, phenology, 186.

Lavoisier, light and plants, 37.

Lawes, evaporation, 245.

fertilizers, 145.

fixation of nitrogen, 151.
nitrogen in rain, 135.
plat experiments, 355.

soil nitrogen, 142.

sources of nitrogen, 137.
transpiration, 113.

Lazenby, plat experiments, 355.

Leafing, epoch of, 181, 185, 238, 278-290.
of vine, 256.

temperature, 172.

thermal constant, 226, 291, 293.

LeClerc, germination, 43.

Lefébure, germination, 35, 43.

Legumin, 49, 51.

Leguminosae, fixation of nitrogen, 136, 151-161.

tubercles on, 151.

Leone, nitrification, 160.

sources of nitrogen, 160.

Lepidium sativum, germination, 28-36.

Leyst, earth temperatures, 65.

Libbey, sunshine tables, 101, 102.

Light, and absorption of oxygen, 47, 48, 50, 51.
germination, 37, 42-52.

Pauchon's experiments, 45.
respiration, 19.

vegetation, 26, 40, 79, 80.

Lightning and fixation of nitrogen, 135.
Lilac, phenology of, 280-290.

Limit of cultivation, 187.
Linden, phenology, 281-290.

Linsser, laws of acclimatization, 7, 215, 242.
phenological studies, 6, 211-234.
sunlight and vegetation, 218, 219.
thermal constants, 173.

zones, 224.

Linum usitatissimum, germination, 28–36.

Lippincott, dates of sowing and harvest, 359–361.

phenology of wheat, 179.

Lisbon, Portugal, intensity of sunshine, 94.

photochemical researches, 94.

Lobositz, Austria, rainfall and harvest, 111
Locality, influence on vegetation, 183.
Lonicera alpigena, phenology, 237.
Lucerne, fixation of nitrogen, 137, 153.

water consumption, 113.

Lucimeter, Bellani, 99, 273.

Lupin, fixation of nitrogen, 153, 160.

Lynden (North Cape) Norway, wheat, 39
gluten in wheat, 41.

McLeod, soil temperatures, 63.

Madeira, seasons, 221–232.

Maize, acclimatization, 220.

albuminoids, 18.

date of ripening, 125.

environment, 314.

experiments with, 321-334.

fertilizers, 162.

thermal constants, 335–337.

Manche, France, climate and crops, 175.
Manchester, England, insolation, 82.

photochemical action of daylight, 93.

Mangon, chlorophyl, 76.

initial temperatures, 279.

thermal constants, 174, 252, 265.

Manitoba, Canada, forest experiments, 128.
Manures, 162–166.

and crops, 121.

soil temperatures, 54.

Maquenne, nitrogen and vegetation, 139.
Marcano, lightning and nitrogen, 135.
Marchand, actinometer, 96, 273.

shade and plant development, 79.
Marié-Davy, acclimatization of plants, 41.
actinometer, 273.

actinometric results, 96.
chlorophyl, 75.

maize, 170.

meteorology and crops, 247-251.
phenological constant, 176, 177.
phenological researches, 243-277.
prediction of harvest, 178.
radiation, measurement, 81.

sunshine and transpiration, 69, 70, 113.

Marié-Davy, water and crops, 246.

Martins, thermal constant, 278.

Martins, von, light and vegetation, 27.

Marvin, sunshine recorder, 99.

Mascagno, light and assimilation, 78.
Matotschkin-Schar, Nova Zembla, acclimatiza-
tion, 216.

thermal constants, 216.

Maurer, soil temperatures, 21.

Maximum temperature of germination, 34.
Mecklenburg, Germany, water and plant develop-
ment, 119.

Meech, sunshine tables, 101.

Meigs, phenology, 292.

Melon (canteloupe), germination, 28–36.
Mendenhall, soil thermometers, 66.
Meteorology and crops, 247-251.
Mexico, origin of maize, 234.
Meyen, germination, 44.

Michael, botanical classification, 68.

Miesse, germination and light, 42.
Mikosh, chlorophyl, 38.

Milk, souring, 341.

Millet, silkworms, 36.

Minimum temperature of germination, 33, 34, 335.
Miquel, collection of germs, 131.
Modification of plants, 233.

Moisson, respiration of plants, 18.
Moisture and germination, 37.

plant development, 222.

records, 273.

soil, 20, 104, 110-111.

Moleschott, light and vegetation, 37, 39.

Montreal, Canada, soil temperatures, 63, 64.

Montrouge, France, flowering of wheat, 178.
Montsouris, France, actinometric percentages, 87.
actinometric degrees, 89, 96.

atmospheric electricity, 131, 132.

bacteriology of air, 130, 131.

Bellani lucimeter, 98.

evaporation data, 105, 106.

insolation and transpiration, 71.

intensity of sunshine, 89.

nitrogen in rain, 133, 134.

researches, 243, 277.

variations in atmospheric air, 133.

Morley, variations in atmospheric air, 133.
Morren, acclimatization, 220.

germination, 43.

phenology, 167.

Mulder, protein, 17.

Munich, phenology, 186.

soil temperatures, 54, 55, 57.

Müntz, fixation of nitrogen by lightning, 135.
nitrifying ferment, 142.

Müttrich, forestry, 7.

Naples, phenology, 184, 185.

Narcissus, phenology, 280, 282.
Nertchinsk, Siberia, cereals, 187.

New York State, maize experiments, 332, 333.
phenological observations, 235, 292.
Nigella sativa, germination, 28-36.
Nitrates in sugar beets, 262.

Nitrogen, artificial fertilizers, 162.
fixation by plants, 136-161.
by soils, 139.

in rain, 133-135.