of the upper teeth results in a sound between ƒ and p. The v sound is made in the same way as f, except that thev is vocalized. The sound is sometimes represented by f (of, whereof, etc.). Failure to catch the lip under the edge of the upper teeth results in a sound midway between v and b; a more striking error is the articulating of this sound like a w, resulting in wine for vine, wery for very, etc. Failure to vocalize produces, of course, an f sound (fine for vine, etc.). fable EXERCISES FOR THE GROUP face fade - fathom fear feed file fill fire flat fled flood foam follow fort - fraud freeze fringe - front; affect - baffle - comfort - confer defeat - defect diffuse laughter leafy - lifting loafer saffron sifting suffrage suffuse - taffy wafting; beef calf - deaf - doff - enough - fluff - gaff gruff-half laugh leaf- loaf - muff - puff - reef- rife rough staff - stiff - tough - waif. vary veer venture vernal - vessel - vest - vigor - village - vintage - virtue volume vortex Vow; avenue beverage -cavil cleavage clever - driver - drover - ever - favor - flavor hover - ivory - javelin - lavender-lover - raven - revise The r sound is made by bracing the edges of the tongue against the forward upper grinders, curling the point of the tongue up and back, but not touching the palate; then forcing a vocalized breath against the little pocket in the tongue thus made. This sound is often wrongly expressed. One error is due to leaving the tongue so flat that the resulting sound is ah instead of r (fah for far, neah for near, etc.); another fault is due to vibrating the tip so as to produce what is called the tip-trilled r (rrread for read, firrre for fire, etc.); a third fault is the guttural, or base-trilled r, which is produced by lowering the tip of the tongue and raising the back, which is then vibrated (grrreat for great, etc.). The tongue must be curled up as stated above, and both tip and base held motionless during vocalization. Another r fault is due to relaxing the tongue, and thrusting the lips forward into the w position (waw for raw, wead for read, etc.); a curious error, peculiar to the Chinese, converts r into l by thrusting the tongue too far forward and touching the hard palate with the tip (lead for read, lice for rice, etc.). The s sound is made by bringing the teeth almost together, gently gripping the edges of the tongue between the forward grinders, turning the tip up, clear from the front teeth, and then forcing an unvocalized breath through the narrow channel over the tip of the tongue and between the teeth. This sound is represented also by c (city, certain, etc.), sc (science, scene, etc.). and sch (schism). The most striking fault in making the s sound is the lisp. This is caused by allowing the tongue to block the narrow air passage between the teeth. The tip of the tongue may only drop down too close to the opening, in which case there is a thickening or dulling of the s sound; or it may be thrust between the teeth so as to produce a pronounced lisp, i. e., a th sound (thing for sing, voith for voice, etc.). Again, some speakers obscure the s sound by twisting the tip of the tongue to one side, and enunciating with a blurred, whistling effect out of one corner of the mouth. No twisting of tongue, teeth, or lips is permissible. Finally, the student is cautioned against an unwarranted vocalization of the s sound which results in such mispronunciations as bazket for basket, hizzing for hissing, etc. The sound is made in the same way as the s, except that the z is vocalized. This sound is represented also in some cases by s (was, nose, etc.), and x (Xerxes, xylophone, etc.). The common errors of z production are those of s, differing only in vocalization. The sh sound is made by bringing the teeth even nearer together than for s, raising the blade of the tongue very near to the hard palate, bracing the edges of the blade against the forward upper grinders, and forcing an unvocalized breath through the shallow channel remaining. The sound is represented also by ch (chute, machine, etc.), ci (artificial, vicious, etc.), s (sugar, sure), sch (schist, schottische, etc.), sci (conscience, conscious, etc.), ss (passion, remission, etc.), si (declension, revulsion, etc.), ti (caution, martial, etc.), xi (anxious). The sh is sometimes incorrectly sounded as s due to the failure to raise the blade of the tongue near enough to the hard palate (same for shame, etc.). The zh sound is made in the same way as sh, except for vocalization in the case of zh. This sound is never represented by zh but by ge (mirage, rouge, etc.), s (abrasion, treasure, etc.), and z (azure, seizure, etc.). The zh is subject to the same error as that noted in the case of the sh sound, z replacing s, of course. The th sound is made by drawing the teeth near together, thrusting the tip of the tongue into the slight opening between them, and forcing the breath through this obstruction. The breath is sometimes vocalized, making what is known as the “hard” th (these, with, etc.), and sometimes unvocalized, making "soft" th (theme, breath, etc.). It is worth noting that some nouns employing unvoiced th in the singular have voiced th in the plural (bath-baths, mouth-mouths, etc.); also that certain nouns have unvoiced th, whereas the corresponding verbs have the voiced sound (breathbreathe, bath-bathe, etc.). A very common th error is due to the attempt to produce the sound with the tip of the tongue against the hard palate just above the teeth, as for the t and d sounds; or against the inner surfaces of the upper teeth. The result is tanks for thanks, breat for breath, etc., or, when the sound is vocalized, dis for this, wid for with, etc. The tip of the tongue must block the passage between the teeth if the th sound is to be produced correctly. EXERCISES FOR THE GROUP race raid ram rat read rebel - recite - resume retail - revoke - rich - riddle - ride - roam robe - rock roll rope run; abrupt - accrue address - affright aground bargain berry borrow bright - burrow 1 cart certain dark early fright scream bar - bear - bore - chair - clear - drear sick side siege - skate - slate - slide - smart-smooth snare sneeze - stem - store - swim; ask - assail - basket best-boost-clasp - cost custom - desk - disc - essay easter foster ghost grasp icy juicy - lisp monster nostril offset pencil respect gross-house - jumps - knots - mice myths - Norse oasis purse quince - roasts - stacks - Texas - voice wilts. Xanthippe zealot zebra zenith zephyr - zero - - caution - depletion - emulsion - fashion - gumption junction - lashing - machine - notion - passion - ration sashes tissue wishes; ash brush clash dishEnglish fresh - gnash - harsh - hush - leash - mush owlish - push - quash - rush - slash - trash - vanish wash. azure - casualty - erosion - Frisian - glazier - grazier hosier - leisure - measure - negligee - occasion - Parisian |