a matter of convenience, too, the classification by counties has obvious advantages upon which it is unnecessary to dwell.

Dr. J. A. H. Murray, in the Historical Introduction to his admirable and exhaustive work on "The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland," published by the Philological Society in 1873, arranges the English of Scotland, or "Lowland Scotch," in three periods: the first from the earliest known specimens to about 1475, during which time it was identical with the literary Northern English; the second from 1475 to the Union of the kingdoms, during which the Scotch, as a national language, both culminated and became obsolete; and the third from 1707 to the present day, during which it has survived as a cluster of popular dialects. After pointing out that the written language of Scotland became, by 1707, identical with that of England, he says: "It is not to be supposed, however, that the spoken language had undergone a similar change.

The Lowland Scotch had ceased to be used for literary purposes, but it still remained the common tongue of the people; and in this third period of its history it experienced a brilliant revival as the vehicle of ballad and lyric poetry. . These productions of the third period are not, however, of exactly the same value as witnesses to the contemporary spoken tongue of the people, as were the Scotch laws, the works of Barbour, Henry, or Dunbar. They are more or less conventional representations. To a greater or lesser extent they are almost all contaminated with the influence of the literary English-the language which their authors have been educated to write-whose rules of grammatical inflection and construction they impose upon the Scotch, to the corruption of the vernacular idiom."

These cautions are necessary in studying the works enumerated in the following list. The division into periods above indicated, and the relation which the third period of the Scottish language bears to that of England, will account for the fact that the present catalogue contains no work earlier than the beginning of the eighteenth century. The year 1707 has been taken as the date of demarcation.

Dr. Murray says "it is customary to speak of the Scotch as one dialect (or language), whereas there are in Scotland several distinct types, and numerous varieties of the Northern tongue, differing from each other markedly in pronunciation, and to some extent also in the vocabulary and grammar. The dialects of adjacent districts pass into each other with more or less of gradation, but those of remote districts (say, for example, Buchan, Teviotdale, and Ayr) are at first almost unintelligible to each other." Dr. Murray divides the Lowland Scottish dialects (which even now are spoken only over about half the area of Scotland, the Gaelic still surviving in the North and West) into three groups, and these again into eight minor divisions, or sub-dialects, each having numerous local varieties.

The North-Eastern group embraces the dialects north of the Tay; the Central from the Tay and the Gaelic border, south to the Irish Sea on the West and the Tweed on the East, excluding the counties south of this river; and the Southern group is represented by the dialect of the Border Counties, extending from the Tweed to the Solway, and from the Cheviots to the Locher Moss.

I have had valuable assistance in the preparation of this list from Dr. Murray, whose inability from lack of leisure to undertake the work himself, as was originally intended and announced, no one regrets more than myself. Dr. Murray desires to acknowledge especially the assistance of Mr. William Currie, of Galashiels, who, in response to an appeal through the newspapers, collected a large

number of particulars concerning local works of the Southern counties. In addition to Dr. Murray I am indebted for suggestions and assistance to the Rev. Walter W. Skeat, Mr. William Doig, and other members of the E. D. S.; to Mr. William Lawson, of the Chorlton High School, and Mr. Charles W. Sutton, of the Manchester Free Library.

(A.) DICTIONARIES AND GENERAL WORKS.

Date of Publication.

*1710. DOUGLAS, GAWIN. Virgil's Eneis, translated into Scottish Verse by the famous Gawin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld. A new edition. To which is added a large GLOSSARY, explaining the difficult words which may serve as a Dictionary of the Scottish Language. [By T. Ruddiman.] Folio, pp. 486. Edinburgh, Symson and Freebairn.

Ruddiman's Glossary to Gawin Douglas, 88 folio pp. double columns, was the most important piece of work on the Scotch language till the work of Dr. Jamieson, which was largely founded upon it.

1752. HUME, DAVID. Political Discourses.

Annexed is a collection of Scotticisms.

1771. ELPHINSTONE, JAMES.

On Scotticisms. Appendix to Animadversions on Elements of Criticism. 8vo. London, W. Owen.

1779. BEATTIE, JAMES [b. Kincardineshire, 1735; d. 1803]. Scotticisms, arranged in alphabetical order, designed to correct improprieties of speech and writing. Edinburgh.

Published anonymously. Another edition, Edinburgh, 1787. 1782. SINCLAIR, JOHN, M.P. Observations on the Scottish Dialect. London and Edinburgh.

Contains: (1) Phrases Peculiar to Scotland; (2) Words Peculiar to the Scots, or which they use in a sense different from the English. An interesting book, but not arranged in very good order, and without an Index.

1783. [TYTLER, WILLIAM, of Woodhousclee]. The Works of James I., King of Scotland, containing remarks on the Scots Language and the Northern Dialects, with a dissertation on Scottish Music. 8vo.

Another edition appeared in 1825.

1799. ADAMS, Rev. JAMES. The Pronunciation of the English Language Vindicated from imputed anomaly and caprice, with an Appendix in the Dialects of Human Speech in all Countries, and an analytical discussion and vindication of the Dialect of Scotland. Edinburgh.

The appendix on the Scottish Dialect occupies pp. 131 to 164.

1799. MITCHELL, HUGH, A.M. Scotticisms, Vulgar Anglicisms, and Grammatical Improprieties Corrected, with reasons for the corrections; being a collection upon a new plan, alphabetically arranged, and adapted to the use of academies, men of business, and private families. By Hugh Mitchell, A.M., Master of the English and French Academy, Glasgow. 12mo. Glasgow. 1801. LEYDEN, JOHN. The Complaynt of Scotland (1548), with a preliminary Dissertation and Glossary.

The GLOSSARY Occupies pp. 305-384, and was "of very considerable value. The information contained in it has been largely used by others, with and without acknowledgment." See Dr. Murray's reedition, Early English Text Society, extra series 1872, with notes on the Scottish language, p. xcvi.-cvi.

*1808. JAMIESON, Dr. JOHN. Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language. Two volumes, 4to. Edinburgh.

John Jamieson, the author of this work, was born in Glasgow, in March, 1759, and died in Edinburgh, July, 1838. The above, the original work, was published by subscription. In 1825, a Supplement of equal size was issued in Edinburgh. After Jamieson's death, Mr. John Johnstone prepared a second edition of the work, in which the words of the Supplement were incorporated, and by the omission of the quotations contained in the latter, he was able to compress the whole into two quarto volumes, which were published in Edinburgh in 1840-41. The same editor published an Abridgment in octavo in 1846. Finally, Johnstone's abridged edition was revised and enlarged by Dr. John Longmuir, and published at Aberdeen in one volume in 1867. This is a most convenient work of reference. It contains a Memoir of Jamieson, pp. ix. to xviii.; Dr. Jamieson's Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language, pp. xix. to lix.; and the Dictionary, pp. 635. 1822. The Literary Manual: containing Scotticisms, Vulgar Anglicisms, and Grammatical Improprieties corrected. 12mo. London, J. Fairburn.

1826. MOTHERBY, ROBERT. Taschen-Wörterbuch des Schottischen Dialekts. Konigsberg, Bornträger.

A Pocket Dictionary of the Scottish Idiom, in which the signification of the words is given in English and German.

1827. A Dictionary of the Scottish Language: containing an explanation of upwards of 6,000 words used by the most celebrated ancient and modern Scottish authors. Edinburgh, John Dick and Co.

1833. SCOTT, Sir WALTER. A Complete Glossary_for_Sir Walter Scott's Novels and Romances. 12mo. Paris, Baudry.

The Centenary Edition of the Waverley Novels, published by Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh, in 1870, in twenty-five volumes, gives a special GLOSSARY "to such of the novels as require it." Dr. P. H. Waddell's edition, in thirteen volumes, published in 1876, also contains 'a Glossary of Scotch words and foreign phrases for each volume."

66

1845. BROWN, Captain THOMAS, M.W.S. A Dictionary of the Scottish Language; comprehending all the words in common use in the writings of Scott, Burns, Wilson, Ramsay, and other popular Scottish authors. 12mo. London, published by Simpkin and Marshall (Manchester printed).

This was originally issued with the first edition of Wilson's Tales of the Borders, published in quarto, in Manchester, about 1840.

1855. Hints for Scotchmen: Scotticisms Corrected.

late to learn.) 12mo. London, J. F. Shaw.

(Never too

1855. PATERSON, JAMES. Origin of the Scots and the Scottish Language. Edinburgh, J. Menzies.

A second edition published by W. P. Nimmo in 1858. A book best avoided..

1858. A Handbook of the Scottish Language, a compendious Dictionary. By Cleishbotham the Younger. 8vo.

1869. STARKE, JAMES, F.S.A. Notes on the Scottish Language, in the Transactions of the Dumfries and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society for 1866-7 (pp. 49-59). Dumfries, W. R. Mc.Diarmid and Co.

*1873. MURRAY, Dr. JAMES A. H. The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland: its Pronunciation, Grammar, and Historical Relations. With an Appendix on the present limits of the Gaelic and Lowland Scotch, and the Dialectical Divisions of the Lowland Tongue. And a Linguistical Map of Scotland. Philological Society's Transactions for 1870-72. Also published separately.

(B.) WORKS WHICH ILLUSTRATE THE DIALECTS OF

THE COUNTIES.

Date of Publication.

Aberdeenshire.

1742. FORBES, ROBERT. Ajax, his Speech to the Grecian Knabbs, attempted in broad Buchans. By R. F., gent. To which is added a Journal to Portsmouth and a Shop-Bill in the same dialect, with a Key.

This work has been frequently reprinted. There were subsequent editions in 1755, 1761, 1765, 1767, 1785, and 1791. In an edition published by A. Brown and Co., Aberdeen, pp. 30, the Key or GLOSSARY occupies pp. 23-30.