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a body of French cavalry, who efcorted him to Sienna in Tufcany; whence, on the 26th of May, he was removed to a Carthufian convent within two miles of Florence; from which, after the recommencement of hoftilities with the allies, he was again removed to Grenoble and Valence in France, at which latter town he died on the 19th of Augut, 1799. In the beginning of December a conclave was held at Venice, and, on the 13th of March following, cardinal Chiaramonti was elec ed to the papal chair.

In November, 1798, the king of Naples commenced boftilities agains the French, attacked the new Roman republic, and entered Rome in triumph. But this fuccefs was quickly followed by a fatal reverse. The French, collecting their forces, not only foon regained Rome, but totally defeated the Neapolitan army, made themselves mafters of the city of Naples, and compelled its fovereign to take refuge in the inland of Sicily. The fucceffes which attended the arms of the Aoitrians and Ruffians in the campaign of 1799, aided by the powerfd co-operation of the English fleet under lord Nelfon, have, however, again expelled the French both from Naples and Rome, though the king of the Two Sicilies has not yet thought it expedient to return to his capital.

The late pope, John Angelo Brafchi, who took upon him the name of Pius VI. was born at Cefena, December 27, 1717; elected pope, Feb. ruary 15, 1775; dethroned by the French, February 15, 1798; and died at Valence, Auguft 19, 1799.

Gregory Barnabas Chiaramonti, the prefent pope, who has affamed the name of Pius VII. was born at Cefena, August 14, 1742, and elected pope at Venice, March 13, 1800.

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Containing 181,400 fquare miles, with 44 inhabitants to each. BOUNDARIES.] BOUNDED by Ruffia, Poland, and Sclavonia, on the North; by Circaffia, the Black Sea, the Propontis, Hellefpont, and Archipelago, on the Eaft; by the Mediter nean on the South; by the fame fea, and the Venetian and the Auftria territories, on the Weft.

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The Ruffians, in 1783, feized the Crimea, the principal part of this divifion tal by a treaty, figned January 9, 1784, the Turks ceded it to them, with the 1fle of Taman, and that part of Cuban which is bounded by the river of that name. The Tarks have now only the Tartar nations beyond the river Cuban, and from the Black

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The republic of Ragufa, though reckoned by geographers part of Turkey in Europa, is not under the Turkish govern ment: It is an ariftocratical ftate, formed nearly

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SOIL, AIR, SEASONS, AND WATER.] Nature has lavifhed upon the inhabitants of Turkey all her bleffings in thofe four particulars. The foil, though unimproved, is luxuriant beyond defcription. The air is falubrious, and friendly to the imagination, unlefs when it is corrupted from the neighbouring countries, or through the indolence and uncleanness of the Turkish manner of living. The feafons are here regular and pleasant, and have been celebrated from the remoteft times of antiquity. The Turks are invited to frequent bathings, by the purity and wholesomeness of the water all over their dominions.

MOUNTAINS.] Thefe are the most celebrated of any in the world, and, at the fame time, often the most fruitful. Mount Athos ftands on a peninfula, running into the Egean fea; the mounts Pindus and Olym pus, celebrated in the Grecian fables, feparate Theffaly from Epirus. Parnaffus, in Achaia, fo famous for being confecrated to the Mufes, is well known. Mount Hamus is likewife often mentioned by the poets; but most of the other mountains have changed their names; witness the

after the model of that of Venice: The government is in the hands of the nobility; and the chief of the republic, who is ftyled rector, is changed every month, and elected by fcrutiny or lot. During his fhort administration, he lives in the palace, and wears a ducal habit. As the Ragufans are unable to protect themselves, they make use of their wealth to procure them protectors, the chief of whom, for many years, was the grand fignor. They endeavour alfo to keep upon good terms with the Venetians, and other neighbouring ftates. But in the year 1783, a difpute arofe between them and the king of Naples, refpecting a claim of right to his appointing a commander of the Ragufan troops. It was terminated by the republic's putting itfelf under that king's protection. The city of Ragufa is not above two miles in circumference, but it is well built, and contains fome handfome edifices. The ancient Epidaurus was fituated not far from this city. The Ragufans profefs the Romish religion, but Greeks, Armenians, and Turks, are tolerated. Almost all the citizens are traders, and they keep fo watchful an eye over their freedom, that the gates of the city of Ragufa are allowed to be open only a few hours in the day. The language chiefly in ufe among the Ragufans is the Sclavonian, but the greatest part of them fpeak the Italian. They have many trading veffels, and are great carriers in the Mediterranean, like the Dutch, being constantly at peace with the piratical states of Barbary. The cities of Cravofa and Stagno, 50 miles N. E. of Ragufa, are within the territories of this republic, and there are alfo five fmall islands belonging to it, the principal of which is Melida.

mountains Shua, Witofka, Staras, Plamina, and many others.

the most celebrated mountains above mentioned have modern names impofed upon them by the Turks, their new mafters, and others in their neighbourhood.

SEAS.] The Euxine, or Black Sea; the Palus Mæötis, or Sea of Afoph; the Sea of Marmora, which feparates Europe from Afia; the Archipelago; the Ionian Sea, and the Levant, are fo many evidences that Turkey in Europe, particularly that part of it where Conftantinople ftands, of all other countries had the best claim to be mistress of the world.

STRAITS.] Thofe of the Hellefpont and Bofphorus are joined to the Sea of Marmora, and are remarkable in modern as well as in ancient hiftory. The former, viz. the Hellefpont, or Dardanelles, is only two miles and a half in breadth, and is famous for the paffage of Xerxes over it, when about to invade Greece, and of Alexander in his expedition against Afia. The former, for the more easy transportation of his nume. rous forces, laid a bridge of boats over it. It is alfo celebrated by the poets in the ftory of two lovers, Hero and Leander, of whom, the latter fwam across it to his mistress, but one night was unhappily drowned. The Bofphorus is about the fame breadth, but has not been fo much celebrated by hiftorians and poets.

RIVERS.] The Danube, the Save, the Neifter, the Dneiper, and the Don, are the best known rivers in this country; though many others have been celebrated by poets and historians.

LAKES.] Thefe are not extremely remarkable, nor are they mentioned with any great applaufe, either by the ancients ot moderns. The Lago di Scutari lies in Albania. It communicates with the Lago di Plave, and the Lago di Holti. The Stymphalus, fo famous for its harpies and ravenous birds, lies in the Morea; and the Peneus, from its qualities, is thought to be the lake from which the Styx iffues, conceived by the ancients to be the paffage into hell.

METALS AND MINERALS.] Turkey in Europe contains a variety of all forts of mines; and its marbles are esteemed the finest in the world. VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS.] Thefe are excellent all over the European Turkey, efpecially when affifted by the fmalleft degree of induftry. Ecfides pot and garden herbs of almoft every kind, this country produces, in great abundance and perfection, oranges, lemons, citrons, pomegranates, grapes of an uncommon sweetness, excellent figs, almonds, olives, and cotton. Befides thefe, many drugs not common in other parts of Europe, are produced here.

ANIMALS.] The Theffalian or Turkish horfes are excellent both for their beauty and fervice. The black cattle are large, efpecially in Greece. The goats are a moft valuable part of the animal creation to the inhabitants, for the nutrition they afford, both of milk and flesh. The large eagles which abound in the neighbourhood of Badadagi furnish the best feathers for arrows for the Turkish archers, and they fell at an uncommon price. Partridges are very plentiful in Greece; as are all other kinds of fowls and quadrupeds all over Turkey in Eu rope: but the Turks and Mahometans in general are not very fond of animal food. ANTIQUITIES AND CURIOSITIES, Almost every spot of ground, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. S every river, and every fountain, in Greece, prefents the traveller with the ruins of a celebrated antiquity. On the ifthmus of Corinth, the ruins of Neptune's temple, and the theatre where the Ifthmian games were celebrated, are ftill vifible. Athens, which contains at prefent above 10,000 inhabitants, is a fruitful

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fource of the most magnificent and celebrated antiquities in the world; a minute account of which would exceed the limits of this work; but it will be proper to mention fome of the most confiderable. Among the antiquities of this once fuperb city, are the remains of the temple of Mi. nerva, built of white marble, and encompafled with forty-fix fluted columns of the Doric order, forty-two feet high, and feven feet and a half in circumference: the architrave is adorned with baffo relievos, admirably executed, reprefenting the wars of the Athenians. To the fouth eaft of the Acropolis, a citadel which defends the town, are feventeen beautiful columns of the Corinthian order, thought to be the remains of the emperor Adrian's palace. They are of fine white marble, about fifty feet high, including the capitals and bafes. Juft without the city ftands the temple of Thefeus, furrounded with fluted columns of the Doric order; the portico at the weft end is adorned with the battle of the Centaurs, in baffo relievo; that at the caft appears to be a continu. ation of the fame hiftory: and on the outfide of the portices, in the fpaces between the triglyphs, are reprefented the exploits of Thefees. On the fouth-west of Athens is a beautiful structure, commonly called the Lantern of Demofthenes: this is a fmall round edifice of white marble, the roof of which is fupported by fix fluted columns of the Corinthian order, nine feet and a half high; in the fpace between the columns are panels of marble; and the whole is covered with a curola, carved with the refemblance of fcales: and on the frieze are beautifully reprefented in relievo, the labours of Hercules. Here are alfo to be feen the temple of the Winds, the remains of the theatre of Bacchus, of the magnificent aqueduct of the emperor Adrian, and of the temples of Jupiter Olympius and Augufus. The remains of the temple of the oracle of Apollo are ftill visible at Caftri, on the fouth: fide of Mount Parnaffus, and the marble fteps that defcend to a pleafing tonning water, fuppofed to be the renowned Caltalian fpring, with the niches for ftatues in the rock, are ftill difcernible. The famous Cave of Trophonius is ftill a natural curiofity in Livadia, the old Boeotia.

Mount Athos, which has been already mentioned, and which is com. monly called Monte Santo, lies on a peninfula which extends into the gean Sea, and is indeed a chain of mountains, reaching the whole length of the peninfula, feven Turkifh miles in length, and three in breadth; but it is only a fingle mountain that is properly called Athos. This is fo lofty, that on the top, as the ancients relate, the fun-rifing was beheld four hours fooner than by the inhabitants of the coaft: and, at the follice, its fhade reached into the Agora or market-place of Myrina, a town in Lemnos, which ifland was diftant eighty-feven miles caftward. There are twenty-two convents on Mount Athos, befides & great number of cells and grottos, with the habitations of no less than fix thousand monks and hermits; though the proper hermits, who live in grottos, are not above twenty: the other monks are anchorites, or foch as live in cells. Thefe Greek monks, who call themfelves the inhabi tants of the holy mountains, are fo far from being a fet of flothful people, that, befides their daily offices of religion, they cultivate the olive and vineyards, are carpenters, mafons, ftone-cutters, cloth-workers, tailor, &c. They alfo live a very auftere life; their ufual food, instead of flesh, being vegetables, dried olives, figs, and other fruit; onions, cheese, and, on certain days, Lent excepted, fih. Their fafts are many and fevere; which, with the healthfuliefs of the air, renders longevity fo common there, that many of them live above a hundred years. It appears from Elian, that anciently the mountain in general, and particularly the

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