those are expenses which are explainable. Courthouses throughout the land filled with political cronies, liquor allowances for our embassies-all these are things which sooner or later must be stopped.

If today we are not big in our ideas, in our outlook; if we are not as daring as have been our forefathers who wrote the Constitution; if we as a nation are too small to take care of the little problems in our own country, we certainly will not be big enough to take care of the vastly bigger problems confronting us and the rest of the world. If we are too small to give equal opportunity to all the people in our own land, who are we to want to give 2,000 million people equally full stomachs, equally wonderful opportunities, equally fascinating freedom? We can postpone, we can delay, but the price will be too high to pay. We read a good deal about the possibility of Russia and Red China starting a war. This witness believes that the chances for Russia to start a war are very small, but that there is a much greater danger that we may talk ourselves into the possibility of ending the world threat of communism by starting a war. This is not nearly as remote a possibility as might appear on the surface. An ever-increasing number of people are saying that we cannot let communism get away with this and get away with that. These people have only learned, either from their own experience or from their history classes in school, that usually the fastest way to change something, either get rid of the German Kaiser or get rid of Hitler and Mussolini, or of the Japanese generals, was to have a war and get it over with finally. Obviously, since we have the strength in a war to lick communism, this would be, in the minds of many people, a very easy way out, a quick way out, not requiring much effort or sacrifice except from those who have to do the actual fighting. That this is not the way out is just as incomprehensible to these people as the fact that the only way to lose weight is to eat less and have that willpower and not by taking a pill.

Obviously, even if Russia or our country does not start a war, for our longrange planning we must keep in mind that the colored races in the world may well one day start a war against all the white races, since this seems to be their only way out, to get rid of the built-up hatred they have accumulated in over a hundred years. The one chance to avoid such a war would be for the white man all over the world to accept the nonwhite man, really and truly as an equal, but it would have to happen pretty soon, and best before the Chinese have developed their own neutron bomb. What we, as a nation, don't seem to understand is that it takes a far greater effort and sacrifice to help almost 3,000 million people of different character, color, mentality, aspirations, and religions to live together in peace than the efforts it has taken us to win World War I, World War II, and Korea. It takes a lot more ingenuity to win peace and keep peace than to win a war; except for the dying of soldiers and innocent people fighting for peace will strain us and the rest of the free world every bit as much as a war. This is one of the important things that we have to teach children in school and grownups on TV, radio, and in magazines and newspapers.

It is this witness' opinion that it is highly doubtful that we have to engage in a race of who will land first on the moon. We should have learned by now that arms alone do not determine who exerts the greatest control over mankind, and mankind is getting sick and tired of being controlled by one or the other great powers anyway. The poor, the hungry, the sick, and the starving will much more appreciate a prefabricated little air-conditioned home with running water built in their own country with American know-how than to see on their movie screens, or on their nonexistent TV sets, if the first American on the moon is making a pass at the wife of the man in the moon. What is much more important for us to do is to be able to defend ourselves, and the rest of the world if we so desire, against a Red Chinese mad man if he can destroy the world via the moon.

We must forget how simple it is for us to understand ourselves and we must remember how hard it is to understand the Hindu in the village in India; we must, as a nation who spends on advertising $10 billion plus a year, have the courage to spend at least half that amount to sell the rest of the world on what is up-to-date and certainly the most wonderful system under which people can live. It is not right that we who advertise dog food on TV shy away from advertising Americanism to the rest of the world; it is not right that we who spend in advertising $10 billion a year so that people can buy more food and more weight-reducing pills, buy more liquor and more tranquilizing pills, that we, as a nation, spend less to propagate democracy than a good size soap company spends to advertise its wares and that it floats.

It is true that we are facing grave problems within our own Nation. Unless we begin to realize that certain laws will be required in order to avoid having an army of unemployed which will be permanently 10 percent of our total population due to ever-advancing and increasing automation, we will invite communism to get a foothold on these shores. We might as well look the facts in the face. If the working day has to be lowered to no more than 6 hours then that is what we have to do.

This will bring about other problems. The problem: whether the people are ripe and ready to use that much leisure wisely. We can make arrangements by having a large enough number of psychologists in our country. We have to take away from people the feeling of impotence that they have no hand or voice in their government. If we want to stay free, the average person just simply has to learn more about this world and our obligations. If there be a family that is not voluntarily willing to accept in its home for 3 years a foreigner, then for the greater good of this Nation of ours this family by law will have to do so. We want to survive, but we can only survive if the vast percentage of humanity in its heart and with their minds is on our side. If the bulk of humanity is on the side of communism, we will definitely lose the fight. We do not have to go around in sack cloth and ashes to show the world how much compassion we have for its misery, but we have to learn that if we are not willing as Christians to take upon ourselves our obligations, we will have no freedom left as slaves. Unquestionably, life in many respects a hundred years ago in a log cabin was easier and less nerve-racking, and the average person had a chance to somehow understand his environment. He grew his own food; in many cases the family made their own clothing, and they were a world unto themselves. This happy state of affairs has completely disappeared, and sad as it might be, we must realize and be happy with the fact that all of us are only infinitestimally small cogs in a horrifying, complicated nightmarish machine. Whether the human race will be able to adjust itself to this modern way of life where one can choose from too many varieties of the same kind-whether it is soap, TV channels, motorcars or shoes-that is something that this witness feels is wide open for discussion. But if we say the rest of the world is better off without our or ganized insanity, then we are wrong, for communism sooner or later is approaching the point of this organized insanity, even if they might only offer half as many different kinds of dog food being a dictatorship. Russian dogs will not have the same freedom of choice obviously, as American dogs. But to the hungry, to the starving, and to those who have never had the choice to turn off a TV set, there is nothing more tempting than to have these things, and if we don't help these people to achieve these goals through their own labor, but with our teaching and know-how, communism certainly will.

Whatever you gentlemen and the other Members of Congress decide in the next 12 months will be the future course of history, and it will be just exactly this course irrespective of any wishes, threats, or grandiose dreams of the leaders of communism.

I believe basically the idea of a Peace Corps is wonderful, but it is my duty to disagree with the way in which it has been suggested. It is again so little and so late. When this country takes part in international fairs or exhibitions, it does not put up a little peanut stand and give away or sell little bags of peanuts for a nickel. True enough, eating peanuts is something typically American, but we would feel that we don't show even a part of America by just giving away peanuts. We show machinery and many other items; we show our way of life, so that the people can see what we do, what we can build and how we function. The Peace Corps as proposed at this time would be about as effective for our long-range future as a lone, little peanut stand at an international fair. This is what would happen with the Peace Corps unless we make it in your legislation a real peace army, an army of 5 million dedicated Americans, with experience, preferably retired people, to send to the far corners of the world and spread our knowledge and share our knowledge with the less fortunate people in this world. We can teach humanity how to put on diapers, how to build dams, how to make penicillin, and how to remove an appendix. We can teach this world how to build tractors and how to make fertilizer, and how to grow food for empty stomachs. If we don't teach it, for the many reasons that we should teach it, communism will be the teacher for a hungry, starving, sick, and abused half of mankind. Half of this mankind will learn it anyway. I think to learn it with the 50 stars and the red, white, and blue is a lot nicer than to learn it under the hammer and sickle. Do remember that the hammer in this Communist symbol stands for beating down the people, and the sickle for cutting

off people's heads once they are down and out. Our stars, fortunately, have a very different meaning-they are eternity, they are the infinite and they should represent the infinite good that all human beings have in them (even though they might not know it).

I hope that this Congress will enact fegislation not only for a 5-million-man peace army, but also establish a 5-million-man learner's army, so that for a great number of years we can have 5 million people coming here from all over the world to learn our skills, to learn our democracy and share our homes with us. I know there are Members in this Congress, as there are people throughout this Nation, who would rather see a slow, safe, evolution. However, this is the time for peaceful revolution. This is the time for drastic steps. To have 5,000 foreigners come each month to our shores is again only like a spit in the ocean. We have to share this world with all free people, for is it not better to share the free world with all human beings, regardless of their race and creed, than to share a common grave, brought about by Chinese or Russian missiles.

We see today the consequences of the Senate vote against Woodrow Wilson's dream; humanity has suffered its terrible price. But with improved techniques and greater application and understanding of science, the suffering and the consequences will multiply and it will not take 44 years to see the result if the Congress of the United States does not point the way for this world to live in peace and with full stomachs. We cling today to a largely impotent United Nations, trying out of a sense of frustration and guilt to make up for the horrors that have befallen humanity because we rejected Wilson's ideas. Only there is a time and a place for everything, and the time and the place for a real strong United Nations with an international police force was in 1918. The time and the place for a world constitution, for a world bill of rights, and to make this one world-in fact, in deed, and not in words-is in 1961 and 1962, not in the year 2000. Under our Constitution the President is charged with the conduct of foreign affairs, but don't believe for a moment that the world leaders, wherever they may be, do not remember that it is the Senate of the United States who will pass the legislation that will determine the future that mankind will travel. They learned their lesson when Woodrow Wilson had to kill himself trying unsuccessfully to stop the decline of democracy and the free world.

Missiles and mankind, these are the two things that are very important today. Missiles have made most of our oversea bases obsolete, and mankind, if, it is much longer hungry and exposed to disease, abuse, and pestilence, will make us as a nation obsolete. It is fairly unimportant whether one gets killed by a missile that took 31⁄2 minutes or 7 minutes to come from wherever it has been fired. Death is equally painful in either case. The Russians are really not afraid of our missile might. What they are afraid of is that America could live in the image that the world would like to see America live, and whether America lives in this image or not, the time is too short to educate 180 million people, but the time is not too short for a majority of the Members of Congress to make the right decisions at the right time. Nothing these days could be less important than the amount of taxes that each and every one of us pays. If it takes twice the amount of taxes to create a better world, this is a wonderful investment for all the living and the yet unborn. People behind barbed wire usually do not worry too much about the income tax rates. We are living through a war period as we have rarely experienced. If it takes conscription to create a 5-million-man peace army, this is something that the American people, through you, have to decide; if it takes twice the amount of taxes, this is indeed not uncomfortable; if it takes gasoline or other kinds of rationing, this is a small price to pay for the privilege we have enjoyed, are enjoying, and will enjoy as a free nation.

If you have ever faced a firing squad, you will agree with me that this is true. I don't think that these are sacrifices we would be called upon to make. These are privileges which we have, the privilege to remain free in such a wonderful nation. Let me repeat, the most urgent items on our shopping list are missiles and mankind. If it takes $100 billion a year for missiles, this is perfectly all right, and if it takes another $100 billion a year for mankind, this is all right, too. This is the great question with which democracy is faced. Are we, as a freepeople, ready to make one-thousandth of the effort freely as under a Russian dictatorship we would be forced to make with a machinegun in our back? When this question has been decided in the affirmative, the rest is simple. We can bring life to South America; we can bring life to Africa; we can bring life to Asia. We can bring the greatest period of prosperity to mankind that man. kind has ever had.

Let me just remind you that the average person living in India only buys approximately 60 cents worth of goods made in America per year, and the average person in Sweden over $25 per year. This shows that the higher a nation is developed, the better a customer it is of the American production and farm genius. Let us not discuss peaceful slogans that do not replace penicillin shots or calories. Freedom is only important on full stomachs. Most people would rather live with a full stomach under a dictatorship than with an empty stomach and sickness in a democrary. It is just that simple. We have the good fortunes to have all the choices before us, and if we mean well, we can implement them one by one. We can create within a year with our neighbors to the north and south a Union of the Americas, where all people within 5 years will speak one common language, where all will give up certain rights that we have today, to enjoy much greater rights and privileges later on. Also, we can actively help Europe to form a United States of Europe, or we can form the United States of Democracy, comprising all free nations in this world. But it will depend upon the way Congress goes about it, not only on the final legislation. If today 100 members of this Congress would sit together with other members of congresses from the whole free world, within a few months we could have a free world, an alliance of all the free nations. The results of our doings, important as they are, will, however, be overshadowed by our inner goals, desires, and feelings. If we want to buy friends, we will wind up having bargained for enemies. If we really love our neighbor, that is something that does not need further explanation.

Let us be honest. We say the American people have to do this and the American people, voluntarily, have to do that, and the American people should of their own free choice undertake this, that, and the other. Not too many people undertake anything except to look after their own health, welfare, entertainment, and security. They might from time to time, in nations where there is a semblance of freedom left, elect one or the other fellow to make laws to promote nothing but the voters' wishes. The horror is that it is well nigh impossible to be elected to any type of public office unless one promises the voters to fulfill their wishes and to go according to the instinct of the masses. This is then the type of man of whom we find far too many in the freely elected parliaments of the world, men who have been elected not by the reason, understanding, or good will of the voters, but men that were elected to fulfill in the minds of the voters everything to satisfy their animal needs. Once these men have been elected, it rarely happens that they do not want to be reelected, and they have only learned one formula on which to be elected. Only if each and every Member of Congress will make a world constitution and a world bill of rights, as well as a world bill of obligations his platform on which to be elected, will we be able to say that as free people we have elected men whom we want to fight for a better and a more just world for all people.

I might lose my citizenship, so dear to me; I might be exiled by you for some of the thoughts here expressed. I am willing to run this risk to help wake up this Nation while we still have the freedom to set our own alarm clocks; I would rather see from exile this Nation bloom, prosper and gain strength than to remain in the midst of too little, too late, too lazy, too disinterested, too stupefied, too selfish and too overwhelmed too long.

The President at many times has spoken in generalities about the sacrifices that we as a nation have to make. I think what the President called sacrifices, but what I prefer to call our obligations for survival, are very simple to pinpoint. Here are just some examples:

(1) As a Nation, all of us will have to work probably every day half of our time for the rest of the world, not for purposes of charity, but for purposes of helping build a normal world. (See book, "World Construction.")

(2) We have to create a peace army composed of at least 5 million capable people. (See book, "World Construction.")

(3) We have to take into our homes people of any color, creed, and nationality to the tune of 5 million a year, to show them how we live and why we live the way we do. (See book, "World Construction.")

(4) Workers, managers and farmers throughout our land might have to be happy with the fact that every tenth one might be working for 3 years 10,000 miles away from his birthplace as a member of the peace army, while his job here would be temporarily filled for that period by a member of the learner's army. (5) For our mere immediate survival, we will have to try to create a United States of the Americas, stretching all the way from the north of Canada to the

south of the Argentine a unified nation without frontiers and customs duties, etc. (See condensation of book, "Two Worlds-or None," and booklet, "Khrushchev's Little Helper.")

(6) We have to be willing to enter into a union with all of Europe, indeed with all free nations who want to join our union.

(7) We will have to lose some of our arrogance and be humble enough to realize that we of this generation have not done much for freedom, democracy or the standard of living we enjoy-all these have been brought about by a few geniuses who had the strength to drive us on and make us want more and more things.

(8) We have to add a third chamber to the Congress of the United States, a chamber composed of people with nothing but knowledge about the rest of the world, who will be the ones to negotiate the union of all the free people with other nations; and we must elect only qualified people who have received a certificate before they will be able to stand up as candidates. (See separate writeup, "Proposal for Third Chamber.")

(9) We should take advantage of our mentality and of our way of life, and should establish a Federal Idea Office, tailored along the lines of our Patent Office. Such a Federal Idea Office, with giving thousands of large enough prizes will stimulate a lot of people in our Nation to think about the problems to which answers have to be found. It certainly will be a greater contribution for people to sit up at night and figure out problems that need solving for our Nation than for people to just shrug their shoulders and say, "How can I, one little fellow, make a contribution?" (See separate writeup, "Federal Idea Office.")

(10) We should make an unusual effort to bring about world disarmament. Nothing usual that has been proposed has worked or will work. If we are willing to admit to the free world a million accredited Communist snoopers to supervise our disarmament, and the Communist world is willing to accept a million official snoopers from the free world, then the whole world might know that disarmament is taking place, and that not in some cave or garage or on some planet new destructive weapons will be produced. (See booklet, "Observer Corps.")

(See

(11) We should create freely convertible international peace bonds to finance, where financing is needed, the growth of the underdeveloped countries. book, "World Construction.")

Not everyone in this world has gone to college; not everyone may be able to read and write, but every human being has instinct for the decent and the indecent things that happen to him and that happen in the world. There is no higher law that proclaims that we, as a nation, have to be No. 1 forever. Nor is there a law that we have to stay free, nor a law that democracy is the best form of government. All this can only happen, all this can only be multiplied if we share it with all the other people in this world who do not have it. It is the same as with happiness-it only multiplies as one shares it with others. The blessings for ourselves can only grow and multiply as we share them, and as we share our know-how and love with all of mankind.

There is a reason why you and I, and everyone else, is in this world. I cannot accept it purely as an accident, and I believe the reason that we are here is to try to make life a little bit happier for those around us and those that come after us. If we, as a nation, can agree on this simple premise, we cannot fail. If we don't believe it, no amount of missiles will do us any good, since the dead on the winning side are no better off than the dead on the losing side.

Thank you.

Senator SPARKMAN. Are there any further questions?
Senator Gore?

Senator Symington?

CRITICISMS OF THE PEACE CORPS

Senator SYMINGTON. This is a hearing with respect to the Peace Corps. Based on your testimony, you are in favor of the Peace Corps, are you not?

Mr. ROLLMAN. In principle I am in favor of a 5-million-man peace army, not volunteers, but with conscription-also people who are ripe and ready and mature to do it.