resentative Shelby M. Cullom and Senator Lyman Trumbull, both of Illinois, to gain their support.

On April 15th Mr. Cullom introduced in the House a joint resolution which would authorize the Secretary of War to furnish supplies to the Powell expedition. There was little opposition in the House though considerable antagonism was encountered in the Senate. Accordingly, Joseph Henry, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, wrote a letter of introduction for Powell to James A. Garfield, then Representative from Ohio and a most influential Member of the House.

Secretary Henry explained that no personal or pecuniary interests were involved and that the venture was to be a survey of little-known country in one of the most interesting regions of our continent. He noted that Professor Powell intended to give special attention to the hydrology of the mountain system in relation to agriculture and that the water might be reclaimed for use in agriculture by a judicious system of irrigation founded on a critical knowledge of such hydrology. Support Came

Although the Smithsonian Institution had no funds to give support to Powell's party, Secretary Henry did provide various scientific instruments. Mr. Garfield was a useful ally and, although a Member of the House, was able to gain the cooperation of various Members of the Senate.

Finally on May 25th, while Powell was anxiously awaiting some answer to his request and was forced to delay final preparations for the expedition, the Senate took up the joint resolution and began the debate. After the usual questions concerning Powell's identity and the objectives of the expedition, the main criticisms of the bill crystallized. The objection was that such a precedent might invite other individuals to seek financial support from the Federal government for projects which were equally deserving and equally costly.

Admittedly, as Mr. Trumbull stated, the area that the professor intended to explore-six or seven hundred miles along the Colorado River-was marked upon the Federal maps as unknown and perhaps never before seen by a civilized man.

Powell's Modest Request

He called to the attention of his colleagues that Powell did not ask for a military guard, such as many other parties had required, because "his

knowledge of the Indians and his acquaintance with the country is such that he is willing to take care of himself."

Finally the opposition was reduced to the single objection that the bill was not limited-that the professor by asking a carte blanche might obtain support for a hundred men-whereupon an amendment was offered limiting the supplies to 25 persons. Then, without further restrictive amendments, a vote was taken and the measure passed, 25 to 7, with 20 Senators absent.

Inasmuch as the presidential signature was assured, Powell returned to Normal even though final passage did not take place until President Johnson signed the bill on June 11th.

Powell organized a larger party, again representing different branches of natural science, especially geology, botany, ornithology, and entomology. The Smithsonian Institution had furnished a sextant, barometers and chronometers, and a few other facilities. All personal expenses were to be borne by individual members of the party.

To Illustrate Resources

The main purpose of the expedition was to gather a large collection of specimens representing the different sciences and illustrating the resources of the country. Also, before leaving Illinois it was understood that whatever else might or might not be accomplished, ascent of Long's Peak would be attempted. Repeated efforts to climb this 14,000foot peak had failed. In fact, some argued that Long's Peak would never be ascended.

The party for the 1868 expedition (boat party actually left Wyoming in 1869) included 21 persons. Two or three were professional biologists; the remainder were amateurs and upperclassmen at Normal and Wesleyan.

Rev. George Smith accompanied the party as an ethnologist and Dr. George Vasey as a botanist. Dr. Henry Wing, a physician going west for his health, and Mr. J B. Taylor were interested

amateurs.

Rev. J. W. Healy and Rev. W. H. Daniels, both from Chicago, joined as historians and correspondents to keep the newspapers informed of the progress of the expedition. Mrs. Powel was the only woman member, as in the first trip (not a Colorado River trip). Walter Powell, the Professor's younger brother, was taken along as a zoologist.

The other members were E. D. Poston, John Aiken, Henry Wood, Rhodes C. Allen, W. H.

Bishop, S. M. Garman, L. W. Keplinger, Lyle Durley, Ned E. Farrell, William Woodward, John Wheeler, and-Chamberlain.

Just Before Leaving

Just before taking leave of the college to begin the trip, Powell appeared before the board on the evening of its spring meeting on June 24th to give an account of his past work and a description of the proposed route of his second expedition. Following a short address he took the members of the board to the museum and explained briefly the many additions to the collections which had been made during the preceding season. Much of the material had not yet been prepared nor classified, but the size of the museum's collections had already been doubled.

The board of education of the State of Illinois appropriated an additional four hundred dollars to purchase instruments which could well be used

in the expedition to the Colorado River. This appropriation came too late to benefit the 1868 party, but it did enable Powell to place orders for valuable instruments which could be used in subsequent expeditions.

Before daybreak on Monday, June 29th, the party... left Normal for Chicago, arriving there at five o'clock in the morning. Almost the entire day was idled away waiting for a special car on the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad which was to take them to Omaha, Nebr.

After a tedious delay, during which a large banner lettered "Colorado Scientific Exploring Expedition" was nailed to the side of the railroad car, they boarded the train, which pulled out at three o'clock in the afternoon.

WILLIAM CULP DARRAH (Powell of the Colorado, by William Culp Darrah (Princeton University Press, 1951): excerpts from chapter 6.)

1

These farms are irrigated by water from the Bureau of Reclamation's Rio Grande Project. While a farm operator turned water into the lettuce rows last March, nearby pecan trees also got irrigated.

A number of other agricultural products are efficiently produced there by well coordinated irrigation and management methods, some of which are described in former issues of the Reclamation Era.

2 The arm of the treeshaker reaches several feet into the branches, grips one branch at a time, vibrates it, and makes pecans come pelting down. 3 In areas where the trees are young, cotton is grown in the spaces between rows of trees. To efficiently net the pecans from among such plantings, large deflecting screens mounted at a slant on the side of two tractors, follow beside the tree shaker and bounce the falling pecans away from the rows of cotton. The screens eliminate the step of recovering the pecans by hand from the cotton, which would add considerable time and expense to the harvest operation.

7 Large plywood boxes, which hold 1,800 pounds of graded shell pecans, are placed in storage rooms with a motorized fork lift prior to shipment to the packaging and processing plant. This warehouse is refrigerated and the nuts stored for prolonged periods are kept at an ideal -10° F.

At the packaging and processing plant, are the nut cracker machines. Shells and meats are carried by conveyor to workers upstairs where they are separated by hand. Conveyors then carry meats to hoppers, which will return them downstairs for another grading and packaging.

8 Workers also make final inspection prior to bulk packing, making certain no shell fragments remain.

Highest grade pecan halves are sorted on another conveyor for Christmas package tins. These are the largest and best produced by Stahmann farms.

9 Anoher machine fed from above, drops shelled pecans of preset quantities into endless see-through bags. After the machine cuts, fills, and seals the bags, each one slides onto a belt which travels by a lady who checks their weight on a scale and puts them into cartons.

Stahmann farms consider their pecans to be quality products, and competitive in price. They are purchased from many consumer markets under an attractive trade name. # # #

Optimistic Outlook

by W. L. (BUD) RUSHO, Information Officer,

Salt Lake City, Utah

VISITORS to Page, Ariz., may be surprised. these days to see young, clean-cut Navajo men and women in town, shopping in stores, mowing their lawns, or depositing money in the bank.

While they will also see other Navajos dressed in traditional Indian costume, the presence of the young Navajos is due to the coming of industry to Page. An electronic packaging firm opened its doors last July with an ambitious program designed both to earn a profit for the company and to assist the Indians.

The story of how this industry and the Navajos got together actually began years before, when this land of sun-swept rocks and sand was disturbed by little but the voice of the wind.

A dozen years ago Page, Ariz., did not exist. The low mesa on which the town now sits was visited only by occasional Navajos herding flocks of sheep through the sparse grass. Through the canyon below coursed the muddy, erratic Colorado River, so barren of life that it was called by the biologists an "aquatic desert."

The Bureau of Reclamation and the dam builders arrived in 1956. They were but the vanguard of a change that was to engulf the river, the land, and the Navajos. Glen Canyon Dam became the prime mover, the key facility around which repercussions were spun off like spreading circles from a rock thrown in water.

Page Was Built

First, the town of Page was built as an adjunct to the dam, where workmen could live, shop, and send their children to school. Although construction of the dam is now finished, the town continues to provide accommodations to operators at the power plant, to National Park Service employees, to businessmen, and to the teachers. In the last few years Page has grown as a tourist accommodation center.

The spreading circles of the dam's influence did not stop at the Page city limits. In 1957, nearby Navajos, so long isolated in the most remote part

of their reservation, found they had a convenient city at the reservation border.

From the time the first store opened its doors, one could always find Navajos in Page. Some were products of white man's schools and were therefore "educated" in his sense of the term, but others, particularly the older generation, were true unsophisticates characteristic of the entire Navajo Nation 25 years earlier.

Isolated by mountains, canyons, and desert sands, and served by poor or almost nonexistent roads, people from this part of the reservation had lagged in adopting the white man's ways. In the early years of Page, many Navajo wagons were seen in town driven by men whose long black hair, wrapped in white string, protruded from beneath broad black hats.

Use Laundromat

Nowadays at the laundromat, rows of Navajo women, many dressed in full-length velveteen skirts, do the family wash, while nearby their babies sleep peacefully in cradleboards.

For neighboring Navajos, Page is an economic center, a place to purchase almost every necessity or luxury. The Page school system absorbs Navajo youngsters. When an Indian becomes sick he can go to a doctor or to the town's modern hospital.

During construction of the dam, many Navajo men worked for the contractor as highscalers, vibrator operators, and laborers. A point was made to hire an Indian wherever he was qualified for the job. (See article: "American Indians-Helping To Build A Nation," Reclamation Era, November 1962.)

Until recently, not many Navajos lived in Page. Since the whole reservation was open to them, they preferred to build a hogan or a small cabin within commuting distance.

Now that the construction work is finished, the future of Navajos in Page looks brighter than ever. This is due to the unusual cooperation between the