main free, but the powder adheres abundantly to the threads. The frame thus prepared is then placed in a tightly-closed box into which steam is introduced. The steam swells up the threads, they becoming in consequence adapted for an absorption of the dissolved starch, and that which is not absorbed is changed into a jelly, adhering tightly to the threads. The frame is then taken from the box and a fine current of cold water thrown over it until the starch jelly begins to dissolve, when the frame is replaced in the box and steam introduced until the starch is transparent, clear, and glossy. The frame is then taken from the box and dried. Size for Woollen Goods, Cloths, and Flannels. Prepare a decoction of flaxseed, to which, for black or blue colors, some logwood liquor may be added. The decoction must be so thick that it draws threads like white of egg. It is then forced through coarse linen and applied with a brush. Dry linen moistened with weak soap-water is then placed upon the face of the cloth and ironed with a hot iron. Sulphate of Barium has been for a long time used in sizing and dressing tissues. The old method consisted in adding sulphate of barium to the starch or animal or vegetable glue. This gave to the size a yellowish tint, injuring the whiteness of the tissues. The object of the new process is to remedy this evil. Mix in varying proportions, according to the strength and weight of the size desired: 1, Water; 2, starch, vegetable, or animal glue; 3, drying oil, castor oil, poppy seed oil, etc.; 4, sulphate of barium in a nascent condition, i. e., in the act of formation. The most suitable proportions are as follows: Water 400 parts, starch 100 parts, castor oil 10 to 20 per cent. of the weight of the starch, chloride of barium 10 to 20 per cent. of the weight of the starch, and a sufficient quantity of ordinary sodium sulphate to completely decompose the chloride of barium by chemical reciprocal action. All the ingredients are mixed together and heated to form a paste. This process is still further facilitated by the fact that the chloride of barium and the sulphate of sodium can be mixed in a dry state without fear of reciprocal decomposition. Gerard's Apparatine is a colorless transparent mass prepared from potato starch with caustic soda or potash-lye, and used for dressing all kinds of fabrics. To prepare it take 76 parts of water, 16 of potato starch, and 8 of caustic lye of 25° B.; pour the starch into the water, and then add the lye, stirring constantly. The fluid clarifies suddenly, and gives a thick gelatine, which must be vigorously beaten. If dried in thin leaves it forms a hornlike substance, which can be folded together without breaking. SOAP. HARD AND SOFT SOAPS, MEDICATED AND TOILET SOAPS, ETC. American Rosin Soap. Place 1000 pounds of tallow, 200 pounds of crude palm oil, and 800 pounds of rosin in a boiler, and add about 4000 pounds of lye of 15° B. until a clear paste is formed, which is then thoroughly salted and allowed to stand about 3 hours, when the settled salt-lye is pumped or drawn off. Five hundred pounds of water and 250 pounds of lye of 8° B. are added to the boiler, and a fire started under it. Should the combination be incomplete after boiling, add enough lye of 15° B. until a clear soap is formed. The soap is again salted and boiled clear like other hard soaps. Draw the fire, and let the soap stand in the covered boiler for 3 days to let the impurities and under-lye settle. Uncover the boiler and remove the congealed crust, and ladle the clear soap into another boiler, and keep up the fire until a thick mass is formed, which is then ladled into frames of 1000 pounds capacity and thoroughly racked until nearly cold, and 36 pounds of dissolved crystallized soda stirred into each frame and the soap becomes solid. The soda solution consists of 150 pounds of crystallized soda in 5 pounds of hot water. The racking of the soap, after the soda has been added, must be continued as long as it is possible to do so, as the quality of the soap depends much on this. Soap which can be cut after 48 hours is very smooth and of a reddish-brown color. weight of infusorial earth, and pressed into cakes weighing 1 pound each. It is used for cleansing metals, glass, etc. Brown Rosin Soap in the Cold Way. Melt together cocoanut oil 16 pounds, crude palm oil 4 pounds, rosin 20 pounds, and compound the mixture at a tem If a lighter-colored soap is desired the crude palm oil is omitted, and 200 pounds of tallow and light rosin used instead. The pasty lye is freed from salt and used for the next boiling. American Soaps. 1. Extra Soaps. Basis: Tallow 45 parts, kitchen soapfat 5 parts, rosin 25 parts. Filling: To every 500 parts of fin-perature of 155° F. with 24 pounds of ished soap: Saponified rosin 50 parts, crystallized soda-lye of 37° to 38° Beaumé (lukewarm) 25 parts, waterglass 50 parts, carbonate of potash-lye of 40° B. (lukewarm) 5 parts, infusorial earth, talc, or marble dust 45 to 50 parts. 2. Superior Soaps. Basis: Tallow 12 parts, kitchen soap-fat and rosin each 37 parts. Filling: To every 500 parts of finished soap: Saponified rosin and sodalye of 37° to 38° B. each 50 parts, waterglass 90 parts; carbonate of potash-lye 7 parts, infusorial earth, talc, or marble dust 60 parts. soda-lye of 35° B. In case a thorough combination should not be formed cover the mixing vessel with cloths, and the compound will in a short time become hot. When this is the case stir it thoroughly, and when it appears to be intimately combined stir in 3 to 4 pounds of a solution of potash of 30° B., and then pour the paste, which should be uniform and quite thickly fluid, into the frame. Soap thus prepared is pliant and washes excellently. Cocoanut-oil Soap in the Cold Way, 100 Pounds of Oil yielding about 200 to 230 Pounds of Soap. Cocoanut oil, besides its other good qualities in com3. Old English Soap. Basis: Tal-parison with other fats used in the low and kitchen fat each 25 parts, rosin 30 parts. Filling: To every 500 parts of finished soap: Saponified rosin 20 parts, soda-lye of 37° to 38° B. 28 parts, waterglass 72 parts. 4. First Premium Soap. Basis: Tallow 12 parts, kitchen fat and rosin each 37 parts. Filling: To every 500 parts of finished soap: Saponified rosin 75 parts, soda-lye of 37° to 38° B. 60 parts, waterglass 110 parts, potash-lye 15 parts, Infusorial earth, talc, or marble dust 120 parts. These rosin soaps are at first of a light-yellow color, but, on account of the large percentage of rosin, become gradually very dark and have a strong odor of rosin. Clothes washed with such soaps, when kept in a dark room, become yellow, and the hands, after using these soaps, feel rough. But the soaps, by reason of their cheapness, are much liked. They are pressed into bars weighing about 1 pound, which are sold at 4 or 5 cents. Besides these cheap rosin soaps another soap known as "Silex soap "is manufactured. It is nothing but an ordinary tallow soap mixed by means of a stirring apparatus with 10 times its manufacture of soap, possesses the peculiarity of fixing large quantities of water and saponifying only with con centrated lye, differing from tallow which is difficult to saponify with strong yes. With weak lyes it forms no combination whatever, but floats as a clear fat over the lye, and actual saponification can only be accomplished by long continued boiling. This last peculiarity may have been the cause of recourse being had to cold saponification. In the following we give a few practical processes, thoroughly tested, by which good cocoanut-oil soaps are obtained at a comparatively low price. 1. Heat 100 pounds of cocoanut oil to 100° F. and add, with constant stirring, 120 pounds of lye of 27° B. The combination is formed as soon as the lye has become thoroughly caustic. Should this not be the case continue the stirring for a short time, or add fine shavings of soap, if such are on hand, cover the boiler carefully and let it stand quietly for a few hours. Then stir in 15 to 20 pounds of salt-water of 18° B., perfume with oils of lavender, thyme, and cumin each 3 ounces, and pour the soap into the frame (mould). Yield: Two hundred to 300 pounds from 100 pounds of oil. The soap may way. be colored or marbled in the ordinary | paste is clear add 360 pounds each of half-bleached palm-oil and elaine, then boil the soap clear and let it stand covered 3 to 4 hours. The soap is then drawn off into the settling or heating boiler, which is warmed by flues from the boiling pan, so that the soap is kept warm and the lye can thoroughly settle. It remains here for 24 to 36 hours, is then poured into iron frames (moulds) and raked until cold. 2. Another process is as follows: Melt 100 pounds of cocoanut oil, dissolve in it 5 pounds of potato starch, and, when the oil is cooled off to 97.5° to 100° F., rake in 100 pounds of sodalye of 30° B: and, when the combination is complete, fill with 20 pounds of solution of potash of 28° B. 3. A third process is as follows: Melt 100 pounds of cocoanut oil and heat to 100° F., then add, with vigorous stirring, 85 pounds of lye of 32° B. and, when the combination is complete, 10 pounds of water-glass together with 5 to 6 pounds of a solution of potash of 28° to 30° B., and finally pour the soap in the frame (mould). Cold Water Soap. By reason of this soap being generally demanded of a brown color it is prepared from cheap dark fats, as bone fat, dark tallow, etc., in the proportion of 100 pounds of fat to 60 pounds of rosin. The soap is boiled in exactly the same manner as other rosin soap, and is allowed to stand in the boiler 2 to 3 days. If it should be ladled out at once the soap would be scarcely fit for use, as, on account of the high percentage of rosin, it would be impossible to obtain it in a solid form. For this reason, before it is poured into the frame, it is hardened with a filling prepared in the following manner: One hundred pounds of crystallized soda and 50 of Glauber's salts are melted over a fire without an addition of water; to this is added 25 pounds of water-glass of 75° B., and then 12 hundredweight of soap are raked into the mixture. The soap immediately becomes entirely stiff and smooth, and, after raking for hour, may be brought into the frame (mould), where the raking is continued for a short time. It is generally perfumed with essence of mirbane (nitro-benzol). Elaine Soap. Various kinds of soap are sold under this name. They have the appearance of elaine soap, but do not contain one grain of elaine. A really good soap, actually deserving the name on account of its containing elaine, is obtained according to the following receipt: Nine hundred pounds of palm oil are saponified with 1130 pounds of lye of 25° B. When the Floating Soap. Four hundred and twenty pounds of cocoanut oil, 30 pounds of bleached palm-oil, 50 pounds of rosin, 100 pounds of olive oil, and 120 pounds of tallow are first boiled with weak lye, the strength of which is gradually increased to 40° B., and the weight of which corresponds to 360 pounds. As soon as the paste is formed add 400 pounds of flea-bane seed (Semen psyllii), and then boil until the finished soap detaches itself from the boiler in the form of a dough. The compound is then perfumed and, shortly before pouring out, some pulverized carbonate of sodium added. The carbonic acid set free permeates the soap and causes the formation of empty spaces, thereby lessening the specific gravity and giving the soap the quality of floating on water. Molasses Soap. One hundred parts of molasses are heated in a boiler provided with closed serpentine steampipes, and 28 parts of ordinary calcined soda are then added under constant stirring. As soon as solution is complete, 100 parts of oleic acid are carefully added, so that the carbonic acid of the soda, which is liberated, first escapes. When all the oleic acid has been added, the compound is for a short time heated to the boiling point. The process is very quick, it being possible to produce 20,000 pounds of soap in 2 hours. One hundred parts of molasses yield 210 to 225 parts of soap, which, according to the time of boiling, is either half-hard or entirely hard. The process for soft soap is the same, only potash being used instead of soda. For ordinary soft soap take 100 parts of molasses, 100 of oleic acid, 10 of potash, 10 of soda, and 50 of water. The yield will be about 260 parts of soap. Cocoanut Oil and Molasses Soap is obtained by dissolving caustic soda ín hot molasses and adding cocoanut oil | accomplished with caustic lye. To heated to 167° F. One hundred parts avoid cooling, the apparatus must be each of molasses and cocoanut oil yield kept covered during the saponifying 400 parts of very good hard soap. The process, and the heat formed by the same kind of soap is obtained by taking chemical process exhausted as much as 100 parts of cocoanut oil, 36 of caustic possible. The under-lye contains only soda-lye of 36° B., and 50 of molasses, caustic soda and glycerine free from whereby the cocoanut oil must also be chlorine and has a concentration of 5 heated to 167° F. When other kinds of to 10° B. fat are used a longer time is required for boiling. Oranienburg Soap. The quantity and strength of the lye required in the manufacture of this soap depend on the fats used; for those of animal origin, as bone-fat, tallow, etc., it may be from 15 to 18 B., but more concentrated lye, from 24 to 28° B. strong, is required for the saponification of palm oil. By reason of a soap of yellowish color being in demand some rosin or crude palm oil is added. The following receipts furnish Oranienburg soap of excellent quality and at a comparatively low cost: For Nos. I. and II. saponification can begin with lye of 24° B., while Nos. III. and IV. are saponified with a concentrated lye of 26° B. The boiling process is the same for all. The fats are saponified in the usual manner and the soap separated with hot salt-water. It is then allowed to stand in the boiler 24 hours for the paste to settle thoroughly. Process of Preparing all Kinds of Perfectly Neutral Soaps. The fats to be saponified are placed in a cylindrical vessel surrounded with a jacket and provided with a stirring apparatus. Water, heated by steam to the melting point of the fat, circulates between the jacket and the cylinder. A solution of soap, 20 per cent. of fat, or any other fluid capable of promoting an emulsion, is then added, and saponification quickly Water-glass Soap. Both hard and soft soaps are brought into commerce. Hard Water-glass Soap is prepared as follows: One hundred pounds of cocoanut oil are saponified with 200 pounds of soda-lye of 20° B., and boiled until all froth has disappeared. The soap is then hardened by gradually scattering calcined soda over it until a sample as large as a silver dollar congeals with a bluish border. In 600 pounds of soda water-glass of 36 to 38° B. are in the meanwhile placed in readiness. Eighteen to 20 pounds of crude glycerine mixed with 50 pounds of soda-lye of 20° B. are added to the soap while it is gently boiling, and then gradually the water-glass, testing the soap from time to time, until all has been added. Should the soap be still too soft, it is hardened with some calcined soda until a sample on congealing shows the above-mentioned bluish border, when the soap will be hard enough. Soft Water-glass Soap is prepared as follows: One hundred pounds of cocoanut oil are saponified with 200 pounds of soda-lye of 20° B., and the paste boiled clear. Six hundred pounds of potash water-glass are then gradually added, and finally potash-lye of 20° B. to give it the consistency of ordinary soft soap. Both kinds of soap are at present successfully used in dyeing, wool-washing, cotton-printing, and for other purposes. Sand Soap. Fifty pounds of cocoanut oil are saponified in the ordinary way with about 100 pounds of soda-lye of 20° B., shortened with salt, hardened with calcined soda, covered while hot, and allowed to stand quietly in the boiler for several hours. When the soap is sufficiently cooled off so that it can be brought into the frame, remove the scum before the soap is poured out. Fifty pounds of white and perfectly dry sand are then added in the fol lowing manner: While one workman rakes the soap with a rake nearly as wide as the frame so that it can be conveniently handled without touching the sides of the frame, another sifts the sand into the soap. It is generally perfumed with oil of lavender 3 ounces, oil of thyme 2 ounces, and oil of cumin 12 ounces. The soap must be raked until it is stiff and begins to congeal. Toilet and Medicated Soaps. Bitter Almond Soap in the Cold Way. Cocoanut oil 1750 parts and lard 750 parts are saponified with 1250 parts of caustic soda-lye of 40° B., 17 parts of oil of bitter almonds, and 21) parts of oil of bergamot. Bouquet Soap. Tallow 1000 parts, cocoanut oil 2000 parts, crude palm-oil 100 parts, pulverized orris root 250 parts, soda-lye of 40° B. 1250 parts, potash-lye of 40° B. 100 parts, musk part. Perfume: Sandal-wood oil 2 parts, oils of bergamot 8 parts, geranium 4 parts, lavender 5 parts, and lemon 3 parts. Bouquet Soap in the Cold Way. Cocoanut oil 2000 parts are saponified with 1000 parts of caustic soda-lye of 40° B. Perfumed with oils of bergamot 12 parts, sassafras 5 parts, cloves 2 parts, and sage 1 parts. The soap is colored dark brown. Camphor Soap. Good tallow soap 1500 parts, rosemary oil 40 parts, oil of lavender 5 parts, and camphor 60 parts. The camphor is first rubbed fine and mixed with the perfume. Camphor Soap No. II. This soap is an excellent remedy for chilblains and frosted limbs. One thousand parts of cocoanut oil are saponified with 500 parts of caustic soda-lye of 40° B., and when the combination is complete stir in a solution of 75 parts of camphor dissolved in 100 parts of alcohol and 50 parts of water. Camphor and Sulphur Soap. Cocoanut oil 1200 parts, soda-lye of 38° B. 600 parts, potassium sulphate 100 parts dissolved in water 50 parts, and 16 parts of camphor dissolved in the melted cocoanut oil. Eagle Soap (Brown). Cocoanut oil 7000 parts, lard 3000 parts, soda-lye of 50° B. 5000 parts. The soap is per fumed with essence of mirbane 16 parts, oils of bergamot 12 parts and cloves 7 parts, and colored with 14 parts of brilliant brown. Family Soap. Cocoanut oil 2500 parts, soda-lye of 30° B. 2000 parts. The soap is perfumed with oils of bergamot and cassia each 4 parts, oils of sassafras and lemon each 2 parts. Gall Soap. One hundred and fifty parts of beef-gall are stirred into 2500 parts of melted cocoanut oil, and the latter then saponified in the cold way with 1200 parts of soda-lye of 38° B. The soap is colored with 33 parts of ultramarine green, and perfumed with 7 parts each of oils of lavender and cumin. Glycerine Soap (Brilliant and Transparent). Water 1050 parts, loaf sugar 3000 parts, glycerine 5700 parts, castor oil 4800 parts, cocoanut oil and tallow each 6650 parts, lye of 40° B. 8300 parts, alcohol 3500 parts, and perfume 150 parts. A double boiler heated with steam and provided with a stirring apparatus is used. After the ingredients have been heated, add the alcohol, place the cover on the boiler, and put the stirring apparatus in motion. As soon as the mass is thoroughly saponified shut off the steam and stop the stirring apparatus; let the soap stand quietly 6 to 8 hours, then add the perfume and, when cooled off to 130° or 133° F., pour the soap into the frame, and let it congeal as quickly as possible. The soap becomes brilliant. As the price of glycerine is rather high at present it might be advisable to use less glycerine, and substitute sugar-water. It seems also more advisable to saponify the fats first, and then add the sugar-water, glyc erine, etc., as otherwise the soap might easily acquire a dark color. Glycerine Soap (Transparent). Heat cocoanut oil 1200 parts, tallow 1000 parts, castor oil 600 parts, to 180° F., and add glycerine 600 parts. Then add 1500 parts of hot caustic soda-lye and 200 parts of alcohol, and saponification will take place. Cover the boiler to prevent evaporation of the alcohol, and fill the soap with 500 parts of solution of sugar in the proportion of 1 part of refined sugar dissolved in 2 of distilled |