and becomes black in a short time. It is prepared as follows: Convert into a coarse powder ounce of Turkish gallnuts, pour 14 pints of tepid water over them, and allow them to digest for 24 hours at a moderate heat. Then strain the fluid and add 2 ounces of wood spirit, next 14 drachms of gum-Arabic, and 2 ounces of neutralized solution of sulphindigotic acid, and shake the mixture thoroughly.

Winternitz's Alizarine Ink. One hundred parts by weight of pulverized nut-galls are digested in 1200 parts of crude wood spirit, allowed to stand for a few days in a moderately warm place, filtered, and the residue in the filter washed with crude wood spirit until the filtrate amounts again to 1200 parts. In this clear brown extract dissolve 12 parts of sulphate of iron and 30 of gumArabic; let the mixture again stand for a few days, stirring it frequently. and finally add sufficient solution of indigo so that the whole makes 1500 parts by weight. The solution of indigo used is prepared by dissolving 1 part of indigo in 4 of fuming sulphuric acid, diluting the fluid with water, precipitating it with carbonate of potash, collecting the blue precipitate upon a filter, and washing with water.

Another Receipt. Five hundred and twenty-five parts of the best bruised gall-nuts are digested for 2 days in 7000 parts of water. Then add 700 parts of solution of indigo and dissolve in the liquid 190 parts of sulphate of iron, 175 of sugar, and a like quantity of gum Senegal, and finally 20 drops of creosote dissolved in 14 parts of alcohol.

Receipt with Oxalic Acid. Three hundred and fifty parts of the best gallnuts are bruised and digested for 2 days in 3500 parts of water, and the fluid strained. In this dissolve 115 parts of sulphate of iron and 25 of crystallized oxalic acid; then add 225 parts of solution of indigo, and finally dissolve 100 parts of sugar, a like quantity of gum Senegal, and 10 drops of creosote in the fluid.

tormentilla), 10 of lampblack, 10 of rock candy, 60 of white sugar, and 5 of honey.

Black Copying Inks. I. Boil 33 parts each of coarsely-powdered gall-nuts, extract of logwood, and bruised tormentil root in 500 parts of vinegar and a like quantity of water, and strain the fluid. Next dissolve 180 parts of sulphate of iron and 33 parts of alum in 250 parts of water; add this solution to the above fluid, and dissolve in it by boiling 1 drachm of indigo-carmine, 1 ounce of gum-Arabic, and 24 ounces of white sugar.

II. Boil 1 ounce of extract of logwood with 1 quart each of vinegar and water, ounce of sulphate of iron, ounce of alum, a like quantity of gumArabic, and 1 ounce of sugar.

III. Boil for 2 hours 4 ounces of rasped logwood in 3 gallons of water, replenishing from time to time the evaporated water. To the liquid, while still warm, add 1 pound of best gallnuts converted to a coarse powder, 42 ounces of sulphate of iron, ounce of sulphate of copper, and 34 ounces each of white sugar and gum-Arabic. It is best to place the mixture in an earthenware pot of a capacity of 7 gallons, and allow it to stand in this for 14 days. stirring it at least twice a day; the ink is finally filtered through a coarse woollen cloth.

Excellent Black Copying Ink. Boil 9 ounces of coarsely-powdered gall-nuts and 4 ounces of ground logwood with 1 gallons of water until gallon of fluid remain, and filter through a cloth. Then dissolve 4 ounces of ordinary sulphate of iron, 3 ounces of sulphate of copper, 3 ounces of gumArabic, and 1 ounce of rock candy in 14 quarts of water; add this solution to the above decoction, stir it thoroughly, let it stand for 24 hours, and filter the ink from the sediment through a felt bag.

Another Receipt. By dissolving 1 part of rock candy in 3 of ordinary good ink, a fluid is obtained which permits the transfer of writing to another paper.

Alkaline Copying Ink which preserves the steel pen from oxidation is produced from 5 parts of decoction of logwood, of 8° Beaumé, 3 of sugar, 2 of gum Senegal, and 5 of glycerine. The fluid is colored violet by adding a solution of 20 parts of potash and 3 of flowers of sulphur in 100 of water. The substances are mixed in an iron boiler, 10 parts of leather waste added, and, with constant stirring, boiled down to dryness. Two hundred parts of water are then poured over the residue, the fluid is pressed out, and then filtered.

ANILINE INKS are true solutions; the coloring matter does not precipitate; they are very fluid, flow readily from the pen, and dry quickly. They must not be made too concentrated. If the writing, when dry, has a metallic lustre the ink should be diluted. The inks do not mould, and, when thick, can be restored by adding water. They do not require an addition of gum, but if desired, 1 part of dextrine may be added to 100 parts of ink; gum-Arabic should not be used. Some of the inks, especially the violet parlor ink, are very easily affected by other inks, so that a pen used for the latter must not be dipped into the former.

Blue Aniline Ink. Dissolve 1 part of bleu de nuit (bleu de Paris) soluble in water in 200 to 250 of hot water.

Black Aniline Ink. Dissolve 1 part of aniline black soluble in water in 80 of water.

Green Aniline Ink is very beautiful, but costly. Dissolve 1 part of iod green in 100 to 110 of hot water. Writing executed with this ink has a brilliant bluish-green color; for a more yellowish-green tint add some picric acid.

Red Aniline Ink. Dissolve 1 part of fuchsine soluble in water in 150 to 200 of hot water.

Violet Aniline Ink (Parlor Ink). Dissolve 1 part of aniline violet soluble in water in 200 of water.

water.

INDESTRUCTIBLE OR PERMANENT INKS. Bosse's indestructible ink is prepared by boiling 33 parts of logwood with 400 of water for 1 hour, then adding 16.5 parts of alum, filtering the fluid down to 266.5 parts, and adding a mixture of 33 parts of very fine elutriated pyrolusite and 16.5 of pulverized gumArabic.

Kindt's Indestructible Ink for Documents, etc. Mix 1 part of honey, 14 of water, 2 of sulphuric acid, and enough indigo, dissolved in fuming sulphuric acid, that the fluid seems to be sufficiently colored to furnish legible writing on paper. The writing executed with this ink, which, of course, must not be done with a steel pen, becomes perfectly black by heating the paper. To prevent the writing from being destroyed by free acids, it is, after the paper has been heated, moistened with spirit of sal-ammoniac, or the document is placed in a box and there subjected to vapors of carbonate of ammonia. It is claimed that this ink answers all demands.

Bossin's Indestructible Ink. Mix

ounce of pulverized verdigris, 1 ounce of sal-ammoniac, ounce of lampblack with 5 ounces of water. Keep the mixture in a well-closed flask, and shake thoroughly before using it.

Braconnot's Indestructible Ink. Ten parts of good potash dissolved in boiling water, 4 parts of comminuted leatherwaste, and 2 parts of flowers of sulphur are boiled to dryness in a cast iron vessel. The dry substance is then heated, with constant stirring, until it becomes soft, care being had to prevent it from igniting. Sufficient water is gradually and carefully added until the liquid assumes a very dark color, which is strained through a cloth and kept in well-closed bottles. Writing on paper executed with this ink is not affected by concentrated caustic lye nor by concentrated nitric acid.

water, and then add 1000 parts of distilled water. The water standing over the nearly white precipitate is then carefully removed with a siphon, and the precipitate filtered to remove the water, when it is placed by means of a horn spatula in a porcelain dish, which is put into a water-bath, and the precipitate oxidised by stirring into it a mixture of 8 parts of nitric acid of 1.225 specific gravity, and 6 ounces of sulphuric acid, care being had to avoid inhaling the vapors evolved. After the acids have acted upon the precipitate for 24 hours it assumes a dark-blue color; it is then placed in a wide-mouthed flask and thoroughly washed with water until a sample taken from the flask shows no reaction upon sulphuric acid; that means, until a few drops of a solution of chloride of barium no longer give a white precipitate. The precipitate is then rinsed from the flask upon a paper filter and allowed to drain off, when the filter is carefully taken from the tunnel and spread out upon several sheets of filtering paper which have been placed upon porous bricks. The jelly-like precipitate is then rubbed up in a mortar with 3 parts of oxalic acid, and diluted with an equal volume of water. An addition of gum is not required, but, if desired, 150 parts of best white gum may be added to the ink.

RED INKS. Carmine Ink consists of 6 parts of carmine, 15 of spirit of sal-ammoniac, and 2 of tartaric acid. Dissolve the carmine in the spirit of sal-ammoniac previously diluted with 15 parts of water, and then add the tartaric acid. Let the mixture stand for 2 or 3 days, then pour off the supernatant red fluid, filter the sediment, and drain off the ink adhering to it.

Winckler's Durable Red Ink. Four parts of red carmine are rubbed very fine with 50 parts of ordinary liquid water-glass. The resulting compound is diluted with 450 parts of rain water and allowed to stand quietly for a few days, when the fluid forming the red ink is poured off.

The water-glass in which the carmine is dissolved is at the same time an excellent means of detecting an adulteration of carmine with cinnabar. In diluting the solution of carmine with water, the cinnabar is at once precipitated.

VIOLET INKS. Violet Copying Ink. Thirty-eight parts of extract of logwood, 550 of water, 20 of alum, 14 of cream of tartar, 15 of gum-Arabic, and of crystallized verdigris. Dissolve the extract of logwood in the boiling water. Then in 4 different vessels dissolve the alum, cream of tartar, gum, and verdigris in some of the solution of extract of logwood, and add the solutions to the liquor of logwood in the order as given. The ink is then ready and is kept from moulding by an addition of creosote.

Violet Writing Ink. Eight parts of logwood and 64 of water are boiled down to 30 parts. In this fluid dissolve, with constant stirring, 2 parts of alum and 14 of gum Senegal.

Encre Violette de Rouen is obtained by boiling 750 parts of logwood, 32 parts of alum, a like quantity of gumArabic, and 16 parts of sugar in 6000 parts of water for 1 hour. The mixture is allowed to stand for 2 or 3 days and is then strained through linen. This ink, it is claimed, is much improved by age.

SOLID INKS. (CAKES AND POWDERS.) Platzer's Ink Powder. Pulverize and mix intimately 100 parts of extract of logwood and 1 of bichromate of potash, and of the weight of the whole of indigo blue.

Ink Powder in Capsules. To avoid soiling the fingers and spilling some of the powder in taking it from the boxes in which it formerly was brought into the market, G. J. Collins, of Brooklyn, N. Y., encloses a small quantity of powder in a capsule of gelatine, which, when dissolved in water, serves also to give the necessary consistency to the ink. The basis of the powders is generally an aniline color. For Carmine 40 parts of eosine, 3 of lunar caustic, and 7 of gelatine. For Green 44 parts of aniline green, 4 of gelatine, and 2 of lunar caustic. For Purple 40 parts of aniline violet, 4 of gelatine, and 2 of lunar caustic. The substances are separately converted into fine powder, mixed, and the mixture placed in the capsules. Each capsule contains about 15 grains of powder. It is dissolved in a corresponding quantity of pure water, requiring about 1 hour for solution.

Ink Cake. Extract 42 parts of Aleppo

gall-nuts and 3 of madder with sufficient water; then filter the fluid and dissolve in it 5 parts of sulphate of iron, and compound it with 2 parts of solution of methyl acetate of iron and 1 of solution of indigo. Evaporate this mixture to dryness at a moderate heat and form into cakes of desired size. One part of this ink dissolved in 6 of hot water gives an excellent writing and copying ink, while a beautiful ordinary writing ink is obtained by dissolving 1 part in 10 to 15 of water.

Marking Ink, especially adapted for laboratory use, as it resists the action of all acids and caustic fluids, and which is highly recommended for marking articles exposed to any degree of moisture, is prepared as follows: Dissolve, with the assistance of heat, 20 parts of brown shellac in a solution of 30 parts of borax in 300 to 400 parts of water, and filter the solution while hot. Then add to the filtrate a solution of 7 to 10 parts of aniline black (nigrosine) soluble in water, o part of tannin, o part of picric acid, 15 parts of spirit of salammoniac, and 4 ounce of water. More aniline black may be used, but the quantity given suffices for the production of a beautiful black ink, flowing freely from the pen.

Ink for Writing on Glass. By rubbing up equal parts of lampblack and iron scales (hammer scale) with strong gum mucilage, an ink is obtained which can be used for writing on glass.

Indestructible Ink for Writing on Glass. An ink has recently been brought into the market in the United States with which writing can be etched on bottles, etc. With the exception that it corrodes the pen, it answers the purpose very well. The ink, according to an analysis by Prof. Maisch, consists of ammonium fluoride, heavy spar, and sulphuric acid. The sulphate of baryta seems to act as an absorbent and to prevent the running of the ink.

Red and Black Ink, not acted upon by Acids, for Marking Glass and Metal Labels. Dissolve with the aid of heat 15 parts of finely-sifted copal in 120 parts of oil of lavender; then rub up with this solution 2 parts of thoroughly calcined lampblack and keep the mixture in a well-closed bottle. Before

using the ink shake it thoroughly and, if too thick, reduce it with some oil of lavender or rectified oil of turpentine.

For Red Ink use cinnabar instead of lampblack and prepare the ink according to the following proportions: One part of copal, 8 of oil of lavender, and 34 of cinnabar.

Stamping Ink, which does not dry quickly upon the cushion, but is nevertheless rapidly absorbed by the paper without blurring, is prepared according to the following receipt: Sixteen parts of fast aniline colors (blue, red, etc.), 80 of boiling distilled water, 7 of glycerine, and 3 of syrup. The aniline color is dissolved in hot water and the other ingredients then added, with constant stirring.

Sympathetic Ink. Boil some gallnuts in aqua-fortis, and add to the infusion some gum-Arabic and a little sulphuric acid. However plain the writing executed with this ink may be at first, it will entirely disappear from the paper in a few days.

Incombustible Ink and Paper. This ink, which can be used either in writing or painting, is an English invention, and is made according to the following receipt: Twenty-two drachms of finelyground graphite, 12 grains of copal or other resinous gum, 2 drachms of sul

hate of iron, a like quantity of tincture of gall-nuts, and 8 drachins of sulphate of indigo are thoroughly mixed and boiled in water. The graphite can be replaced by an earthy mineral pigment of any desired color.

The pulp for the paper is composed of 1 part of vegetable fibre, 2 of asbestos, of borax, and of alum.

Indestructible Ink for Stamping Cotton and Woollen Goods which are to be Bleached with Chlorine. I. Dilute 1 part of coal-tar with 1 of benzine, and stir into it to part of lampblack. Mix into a homogeneous paste which is used for stamping. By adding more or less benzine it can be given any consistency desired.

Changing Writing executed with Pale Ink immediately into Black. Rub fine 4 parts of dry sulphate of iron and then mix it with 8 parts of fine white sand. Strew the mixture on the ink while still wet, and allow it to remain for some time.

1. Blue. Boil 106 parts of sand and 4 of Berlin blue with a small quantity of water, stirring constantly, and dry as soon as the sand is thoroughly colored.

II. Rose-colored Sand is obtained by mixing 100 parts of white sand with 4 of vermilion.

III. Dark Brown Sand. Boil white sand in a decoction of Brazil wood and dry it over a fire.

IV. Black Sand. Heat very fine quartz sand, previously freed from dust by sifting, and add to every pound of it 6 to 8 spoonfuls of fat. Continue the heating as long as smoke or a flame is observed on stirring. The sand is finally washed in water and dried. This black sand will not rub off.

Brush for Marking Boxes, etc. (Fig. 29). M is a sheet-brass reservoir closed on the top by the cover N. This reservoir forms the handle of the brush; the lower part is open and provided with the box O, enclosing the hollow screw P, and at the same time strengthening M. Through P runs a channel p, the upper part of which is protected by the cross-piece n, this being provided with a projection o by which the flow of the color is regulated. On P is fastened a tube Q, and a bunch of bristles forming the brush is fastened outside around a small tube at the end. By pressing down, the bristles are compressed and the color flows out.

Chemical Test of Written Documents. Wm. Thompson, in a discourse before the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, recommends the following reagents: 1. Dilute sulphuric acid. 2. Strong hydrochloric acid. 3. Ordinary dilute nitric acid. 4. Sulphurous acid in solution. 5. Solution of caustic soda. 6. Solution of oxalic acid saturated with lime. 7. Solution of calcium chloride. 8. Solution of stannous chloride. 9. Solution of stannic chloride. The process is as follows: Moisten different written characters, successively, with each of the mentioned reagents, allow them to act a few seconds, and then carefully remove the excess of fluid with blotting-paper. According to Mr. Thompson's statement, the phenomena appearing in the dif

tinguish characters written with ink prepared in the same manufactory at different times, while characters executed with the same ink show such a corresponding action that no difference can be observed even if the ink, in case of drying in, had been diluted with water, beer, tea, coffee, or whatever may have been handy to the writer.

Printers' Rollers are made of molasses and glue. Break part of glue in pieces and cover with rain water and allow it to stand until all the water is absorbed, and then dissolve the glue in a water-bath. When froth begins to