Now, as these lines are parallel to the keel, they will be shown by straight lines parallel to each other across the body plan; otherwise, were they inclined lines in the sheer plan, they would form curves at their heights in the body plan; but in either case they form curves in the half breadth plan, limiting the half breadth of the ship at the height of their corresponding lines in the sheer plan; and these being the lines we are now about to represent, let their formation forward and aft be very nicely considered, for it is easy to conceive, as they approach the keel, and finish into the stem and stern-post, or vanish there, we may say they must taper very suddenly at those places, yet let not their form partake of hollow concave inflected curves but as little as possible, and not at all forward, as it has been proved a mistaken notion of giving velocity. Proceed then, as before directed, to set off on each corresponding timber from the middle line of the half breadth plan the following half breadths: and first, for the upper, or fifth water line, set off at S, 19 feet; at 0, 22 feet 7 inches; at K, 23 feet 6 inches; at F, 23 feet 10 inches; at, 23 feet 11 inches; at 6, 23 feet 11 inches. Observe, between 6 and F the water lines are kept parallel, or nearly so, to the main half breadth line: set off at 12, 23 feet 10 inches; at 18, 23 feet 4 inches; at 24, 22 feet 3 inches; at 30, 19 feet 7 inches; and at 36, 8 feet 5 inches. Now, to end the aft part correctly, square down, from the nearest perpendicular, where the aft-side of the rabbit of the post is cut by the fifth or upper water line, in the sheer plan, down to the middle line, of the half breadth plan, from whence square up a line, on which set up the half thickness of the stern-post from the body plan; but, in order to do this, set off the half thickness of the sternpost from the middle line, in the afterbody plan, thus: set off 11 inches at the head, and continue it parallel to the middle line as low down as the deck transom, which is 2 feet 2 inches below the upper side of the wing transom; from thence it is to taper with a straight line, to 7 inches on the upper side of the keel. Then the half thickness of the post may be taken at each water line, in the body plan, and set up from the middle line in the half breadth plan to its corresponding ending, as squared down from the sheer plan, where the water lines intersect the aft-side of the rabbit on the stern post; then, with a radius of 4 inches, sweep an arch within the half thickness

of the post, on the half breadth plan, and the water line ends, intersecting the back of the arch, and a line squared out from the back of the water line, to cut the half siding of the post, would show the thickness of the bottom plank in that direction. Proceed to complete the fore part of the upper water line, with a 35 feet 6 inches radius, and ending of it similar as the main half breadth was; and, for the centre of the radius, draw an horizontal line at 11 feet 6 inches, under the middle line of the half breadth plan, with the above radius extended from the half breadth, or spot, given at timber S, gives the centre, where it cuts the line last drawn then sweeping an arch from S to the rabbit, will complete the upper water line.

Proceed to set off the several half breadths and endings of the fourth water line as before; set up at S, 16 feet 8 inchcs; at 0, 21 feet; at K, 22 feet 5 inches; at F, 22 feet 10 inches; at 4, 23 feet; at 6, 22 feet 11 inches; at 12, 22 feet 10 inches; at 18, 22 feet 2 inches; at 24, 20 feet 8 inches; at 30, 16 feet 8 inches; and at 36, 2 feet 11 inches. To sweep the fore part, draw a line under the middle line, in the half breadth plan, and parallel to it, at 21 feet 9 inches; then with a radius of 47 feet, from the half breadth at S, sweep in the fore part to the rabbit, as the paper on which the draught is drawn will not extend so low as this; in this case of sweeping in the fore part of half breadth lines, an additional sheet ts placed underneath for this purpose. Ending of the water lines being all the same abaft, refer to the ending of the upper water line.

Proceed to set of the several half breadths and endings of the third water line; at S, 12 feet 4 inches; at 0,15 feet 8 inches; at K, 20 feet 3 inches; at F, 21 feet; at, 21 feet 5 inches; at 6, 21 feet 44 inches; at 12, 21 feet 1 inch; at 18, 20 feet 3 inches; at 24, 18 feet: at 30, 12 feet; and at 36, 1 foot 5 inches. We must here remark, that, to complete this line forward with an arch, the radius would be too long for practice; it must therefore be finished by a mould or thin bat

ten.

Proceed to set off the several half breadths and endings of the second water line. Set up at S, 7 feet 3 inches; at 0, 13 feet 6 inches; at K, 17 feet 2 inches; at F, 18 feet 11 inches; at, 19 feet 3 inches; at 6, 19 feet 24 inches; at 12, 18 feet 11 inches; at 18, 17 feet 8 inches; at 24, 14 feet 2 inches; at 30, 6 feet 2

inches; and at 36, 8 inches; draw it as the last.

Lastly, for the first or lower water line: set up at S, 3 feet; at 0, 8 feet; at K, 12 feet 6 inches; at F, 15 feet 3 inches; at , 16 feet 2 inches; at 6, 16 feet 1 inch; at 12, 15 feet 3 inches; at 18, 12 feet 0 inch; at 14, 7 feet; at 30, 2 feet 1 inch; and at 36, 4 inches.

Now, all the water lines being drawn in the half breadth plan, and their delicacy of shape, if we may so term it, well examined, we may proceed to show whether they will likewise make fair timbers in the body plan: thus transfer the several half breadths of the water lines, as taken at, and set them off from the middle line, on their corresponding water lines, in the fore body plan, which will be found to answer with the shape of, already drawn; then proceed in the same manner with the other timbers before, drawing curves through the several half breadths, and ending them at the keel to the inside of the rabbit; but as timber S comes upon the stem in the sheer plan, the keeling will also come on the stem in the body plan; therefore its height must be taken above the line, at the upper edge of the rabbit, as continued before the stem, to where timber S intersects the fore side of the rabbit on the stem, and transfer that height to the fore body plan, to intersect the half thickness of the stem above the base line, or upper edge of the rabbit; in midships then, with a radius of 4 inches, sweep an arch from that height within the half thickness of the stem, then a line drawn through the several half breadths of S, and ending over the back of the arch, at the keeling timber, S will be drawn; and, to complete the keel, draw a square line from the back of the timber, to intersect the height of the keeling at the half thickness of the stem, and the timber S will be complete below the breadth. Thus, having the perpendicular fore and aft appearance of the several timbers in the fore body, they may now be strictly examined, and any unfairness readily pointed out; again, as a further proof, square up perpendicular lines close forward, about 2 feet asunder, or less, (the same may be done close aft hereafter, for the proof of the fairness of the water lines abaft,) then transfer the several half breadths, as before, from the half breadth to the body plan, and if they make handsome curves in the body plan, when drawn, the water lines may be said to be constructed with exactness. VOL. XI.

But it may be necessary here just to describe to our readers what is meant by the term fair, as it often occurs in the formation of the several lines; which is, that all the lines should please the eye, having no inequalities, but produce a beautiful line, (one sense of the word fair,) and this is not an incongruous term, for Hogarth calls a curve, or serpentine line, the line of beauty, of which no architecture has such a variety as that of a ship.

Now complete the top sides, or upper part of the body and sheer plan, above the lower height of breadth. Thus, set off the upper height of breadth, in the sheer plan: at S, 25 feet 10 inches; at O, 24 feet 6 inches; at K, 23 feet 10 inches; at F, 23 feet 5 inches; at, 23 feet 4 inches; at 6, 23 feet 4 inches; at 12, 23 feet 4 inches; at 18, 23 feet 6 inches; at 24, 24 feet 1 inch; at 30, 25 feet; and at 36, 27 feet 1 inch; and at the after perpendicular 28 feet 3 inches. Then, by drawing a curve through those heights intersecting the lower height of breadth, forward and aft, the upper height of breadth line will be represented. Then transfer these heights from the sheer to the body plan, and thereat draw horizontal lines across the body plan, then square up the several timbers from the lower to the upper height of breadth, as between those heights the timbers are straight, and of one breadth. Then, with a 15 feet radius, called the length of the upper breadth sweep, draw arches upwards, from the breadth squared up, and at that centre in each upper breadth line. Draw in the sheer plan the top-timber line, for it is at this height that the top side is limited to a certain breadth, called the top-timber breadth. Set up above the upper edge of the keel, in the sheer plan, at timber S, 37 feet 3 inches; at 0, 36 feet 9 inches; at K, 36 feet 1 inch; at F, 35 feet 8 inches; at, 35 feet 6 inches; at 6, 35 feet 9 inches; at 12, 36 feet 4 inches; at 18, 36 feet 11 inches; at 24, 37 feet 10 inches; at 30, 38 feet 10 inches; and at 36, 40 feet. Draw a curve through these heights, and that will be the top-timber line in the sheer plan. Then set off the several top-timber half breadths, in the half breadth plan, by setting up at S, 20 feet 4 inches; at 0, 21 feet; at K, 21 feet 11 inches; at F, 22 feet; at, 22 feet 2 inches; at 6, 22 feet 14 inch; at 12, 22 feet; at 18, 21 feet 7 inches; at 24, 20 feet 8 inches; at 30, 18 feet 10 inches; at 36, 16 feet; and at the after end, 12 feet; and at the fore end, or beak head, 17 feet. Draw a curve P

to their corresponding timbers in the half breadth plan, and if curves drawn through those breadths should prove fair, the top-side is rightly constructed; if otherwise, each must be altered until they agree.

Make a mould to, from the upper breadth upwards, some length above the gunwale, by which mould most of the timbers in the top-side may be drawn, by keeping them nearly parallel to each other, by so fixing the mould as to intersect the upper breadth sweep and toptimber half breadth. But observe, the top timbers, as they approach the backhead in the fore body, they flair out, or curve the reverse of the midship timbers, and considerably so in ships with a beakhead; this not only gives more room on the forecastle, but assists the cat-heads to cull the anchors clearer of the bow, and this flairing, though much less in other ships, has a tendency to keep off the spray of the sea, and make a dry forecastle.

Above the top-timber line in this ship, and sometimes at the plank sheer in others, the top-side is perpendicular; consequently an angle, called the knuckle, is formed at the intersection, and as many of the foremost timbers as partake of this shape, before they can be broken in fair with the others, are called knuckle timbers.

Forward and aft to the top-sides run higher than the top-timber line, set up their greatest heights to prove that their breadths at that place may make a fair line in the half breadth plan. Set up from F to forward, in the sheer plan, 2 feet 10 inches above, and draw a line parallel to the top-timber line; and from 12 to 24, in the after body, 4 feet 6 inches; and from 24, quite aft, 6 feet 6 inches; these risings above the gunwale, or the midships, are called drafts. Transfer those heights from the sheer plan to intersect their corresponding timbers in the body plan, as they are then limited by curves parallel to the top-timber line; then transfer their several half breadths

What remains to be described relates equally to both the fore and after bodies; for their being thus far completed, we have an opportunity of shifting the several timbers to the various lengths that compose them from the keel upwards, such as the floors, futtocks, and top-timbers. First, the length of the floors for a ship of this magnitude is 26 feet long at

forward and aft may be determined by a diagonal line thus drawn in the body plan; set up the middle line above the upper edge of the keel 14 feet 6 inches, and on the base line, 14 feet on each side the middle line, draw lines to those spots, and the length of each floor is limited between those lines. Then, to determine the heads or lengths of the lower or first futtocks, set up the middle as before 22 feet 10 inches, and along the base line on each side 24 feet, drawing diagonal lines as for the floors, and the length of the lower futtocks are limited from the side of the keel to the diagonal line at their heads. Then, for the lengths of the second futtocks, set up the middle line 28 feet 8 inches, and up each side line from the base 10 feet, and draw the diagonals and the lengths of the second futtocks as limited from their junction at the floorhead, called the heel, to the diagonal last drawn or head. Then, for the lengths of the third futtocks, set up the middle line 34 feet 8 inches, and up each side 18 feet 5 inches; then diagonals, when drawn to these spots, will limit the length of the third futtocks from its heel at the first head. The fourth futtocks, when they can be gotten, are in one length from the second futtock head to the top of the side, and the top-timbers from the third futtock head to the top of the side.

The heads of the timbers being shown in the body plan, direct the stations for the ribbands thus: place the floor ribband about 20 inches below the floor head, and parallel thereto; then the next or first futtock ribband about midway between the floor and first futtock heads, and so with the others, keeping their heights forward and aft, the most convenient for supporting the heads and heels of the timbers, before they need be disturbed by working the planks outside.

Now these are called the ribband lines,

and only appear as diagonal lines in the body plan, but they take their names from the ribbands, which are pieces of oak or fir timber, about 6 inches square, the longer the better; but those close for'ward and aft are called harpins, and are trimmed by moulds and bevellings to the form of the ship at those places. Ribband lines form curves on a ship's bottom by the intersection of a plane inclined, or canted, as shipwrights term it, to the plane of elevation, and their curves on the half breadth plan are denominated by them canted, or level, according as their several half breadths are taken off from the body plan, whether diagonally, or in a direction square from the middle line, which is a level or perpendicular to the plan of elevation; and although they agree in one and the same line on the ship's bottom, they represent very different curves in the half breadth plan.

Draw the ribband line at the floor head, in the half breadth plan, by taking these several half breadths from the middle line of the body plan, in the direction of the ribband line; thus we shall find, 16 feet; F, 15 feet 1 inch; K, 13 feet 11 inches; 0, 10 feet 4 inches; and S, 8 feet 6inches; in the fore body; and 6, 15 feet 9 inches; 12, 15 feet 1 inch; 18, 14 feet; 24, 11 feet 7 inches; 30,7 feet 6 inches; and 36, 1 foot 11 inches. Then set up these several half breadths on their corresponding timbers from the middle line in the half breadth plan; but what their endings differ from the water lines we wili next explain. Take the height where the diagonal line, or ribband, cuts the half thickness of the stem in the body plan, and transfer that height to intersect the fore side of the rabbit of the stem in the sheer plan, from whence square down the fore side of the rabbit to the middle line in the half breadth plan, and then square up a line; then take the half thickness of the stem from the middle line in the body plan, in the direction of the ribband line, and set it up from the middle line in the half breadth plan on the line last drawn; then with compasses take the breadth of the rabbit in the direction of the ribband line, in the body plan, and sweep an arch from the half thickness of the stem, in the half breadth plan, and the back of the arch will be its ending forward; the ending abaft is so nearly the same, only that the heights are taken up the half thickness of the post in the body plan, and transferred to the aft side of the rabbit of the post in the sheer plan; proceed as be

fore; now draw a curve line through all the half breadths, and intersecting the back of each arch, the ribband line at the floor head will be represented in the half breadth plan. In the same manner all the ribband lines may be represented. These lines will also prove the fairness of the bodies, but horizontal water lines should always have the preference, as they cut the body in a more acute direction, and its unfairness would be more readily discovered, for it is possible to have fair ribband lines to appearance, and the body itself remain unfair.

Hitherto the timbers have only been considered as perpendicular to the upper side of the keel, and square from the plane of elevation, or sheer plan, and hence called square timbers. But forward and aft, in the turn of the body, they are canted, that is, they incline aft towards the middle line in the fore body, and forward in the after body, in the half breadth plan, or form obtuse angles to the plane of elevation; the utility of this is to straigthen the form of the timbers, and reduce the bevellings, both highly essential in the conversion. Now to determine the situation of the cant timbers in the fore body, the foremost cant timber, which is Y, should be so canted as to stand as square with the main breadth line as possible, therefore it will be on that line before timber S, 15 feet 2 inches on a straight line, and at the side of the deadwood, which is 8 inches from, and parallel to, the middle line of the half breadth plan, 4 feet 10 inches before S; then the after cant timber, which is P, is before O at the main breadth, 2 feet 9 inches, and at the side of the deadwood, 2 feet 4 inches; draw straight lines to those spots, and the cant of the foremost cant timber Y, and the after one P, will be represented on the half breadth plan, the intermediate ones, which are 7, may be drawn by equally fividing them at the deadwood, between those already drawn, to where they suall intersect their respective square timbers, at the main breadth line, as here they remain at the same station, unless they are moved to make the side of a port.

The cant timbers in the after body may next be described in the half breadth plan, in order to which the cant of the fashionpiece, or after timber, must first be determined, observing, as in the fore body, co let it cant as nearly as possible square from the body at that place. Now, as the fashion-piece comes against the fore side of the transoms, the wing transoms must be drawn in the half breadth plan; thus

set off from the middle line, in the half breadth plan at timber 36, 16 feet 6 inches, the half breadth of the wing transom, from thence level out a line aft, then, from the sheer plan, square down the aft side of the wing transom at the post to the middle line in the half breadth plan, and at the side, on to the line last levelled out, then an arch drawn through these two spots, whose centre of radius is in the middle line, will represent the aft-side of the wing transom. Then draw in a horizon tal line, in the half breadth plan, from a line at the side of the wing transom transferred from the sheer to the body plan, which is similar to a water line, then, from the aft-side of the transom, set forward upon the line last drawn, about 16 inches, and that is the aft-side of the fashion-piece at that place: then let the heel of it, setting off the half thickness of the deadwood as before,be set off before timber 36, 6 feet 2 inches, a line drawn through those spots is the aft-side appearance of the cant fashion-piece; then set off the cant of the foremost cant timber, which is 29, thus; abaft square timber 28, set off 2 feet 9 inches on the main breadth line, and 22 inches at the side of the deadwood, drawing a line which will represent the foremost cant timber, 29; then equally divide the heels of seven more on the deadwood between those already drawn, and likewise on the main breadth line, and the joints of all the cant timbers will be represented in the half breadth plan.

It was observed above, that the wing transom was limited by the aft-side of the fashion-piece, and so are all the other transoms, unless to assist their conversion by shortening those below the deck transom, which are six in number, by introducing fashion-pieces abaft that already described.

Now to complete the sheer plan, let the stern timber or shape of the stern at the aft-side be described thus; draw aft an horizontal line at the upper side of the wing transom at the post, and above it set up 4 feet, and draw another horizontal line, which will be the height of the lower counter; then set up from the wing transom 7 feet 6 inches, drawing another horizontal line, which will be the height of the upper counter, then set off abaft the aft-side of the wing transom 6 feet 10 inches, and square it up the line at the height of the lower counter, and the intersection with the knuckle of the lower counter; then, from the said knuckle, draw a curve line about 5 inches hollow, to intersect the upper side of the wing tran

som at the fore side of the rabbit on the stern post, and the lower counter will be represented at the middle line; then set off abaft the aft-side of the wing transom 8 feet 10 inches, and square up a line to the height of the upper counter, and their intersection will be the knuckle of the upper counter; then to the two knuckles draw a curve about 2 inches hollow, and that will represent the upper counter. Both counters being formed at the middle line, the upper part of the stern timber must be thus finished; set up, as before, 14 feet 7 inches, the height of the top-timber line aft, draw a horizontal line; then set off abaft the aft side of the wing tran som 11 feet, and square it up to the toptimber line; a straight line now drawn from the upper counter knuckle, and through the intersection at the top-timber line, and the stern timber at the middle line is complete.

Then observe, as the stern in its breadth rounds two ways, that is, both up and aft, the stern timber at the side will alter from that at the middle line, and must be thus drawn: take the round top of the upper counter, which is 10 inches, and set it below its knuckle at the middle timber in the sheer plan, and draw an horizontal line; then take the round aft, which is 16 inches, (on a level,) and set it forward from the knuckle of the middle timber, and square it down to the line last drawn, and where it intersects will be the knuckle of the upper counter at the side. In the same manner set down 8 inches for the round-up, and forward 15 inches for the round aft, and that will be the knuckle of the lower counter at the side; then a curve being drawn, similar to that at the middle timber, from one knuckle to the other, will form the upper counter at the side: then, to finish the lower counter at the side, set down 5 inches the round up, below the upper side of the wing transom in the sheer plan, and draw an horizontal line; then take 7 inches, the round aft of the wing transom, and set it forward from the aft-side of the wing transom upon its upper side, and square it down to the line last drawn, and the intersection will be the aft-side of the side stern timber; then a curve drawn similar to that at the middle from the side lower counter knuckle to the aft-side last set off, will represent the lower counter at the side. But as the straight line for the upper part of the side timber will not be parallel to that at the middle, owing to the stern narrowing upwards, its rake must be determined as follows; upon any straight line set off 26