German; also the natural, industrial, and commercial resources and the commerce of the United States, especially with reference to the possibilities of increasing and extending the trade of the United States with foreign countries; American history, government, and institutions; and the modern history since 1850 of Europe, Latin America, and the Far East. The object of the oral examination shall also be to determine the candidate's alertness, general contemporary information, and natural fitness for the service, including mental, moral, and physical qualifications, character, address, and general education, and good command of English. In this part of the examination the applications previously filed will be given due weight by the board of examiners. In the determination of the final rating the written and oral ratings shall be of equal weight. A physical examination shall also be included as supplemental.

Mr. COOPER. I notice, Mr. Secretary, that one of the subjects in which the applicants for appointment are required or supposed to be more or less proficient is diplomatic usage.

Mr. WRIGHT. Yes, sir.

Mr. COOPER. How does the average applicant for appointment who is not in some branch of the Diplomatic or Consular Service get any knowledge of diplomatic usages?

Mr. WRIGHT. That term is, I admit, a rather evanescent one. There are, however, several standard textbooks on that subject, by Satow and others, which portray the history of diplomatic usage since the Congress of Vienna at which the nomenclature of diplomatic terms was adopted by the nations of the world, and there are allusions, under proper guidance, to articles on international law by John Bassett Moore, Charles Cheney Hyde and others, which deal with diplomatic usage commonly resorted to in the transaction of international relations.

Mr. COOPER. Can you not briefly summarize a few of the most essential and most important items of diplomatic usages? Just what do you mean?

Mr. WRIGHT. I think one might take first a glossary of the commonly accepted terms used in international law and in diplomatic procedure. The difference between embassies, legations and diplomatic agencies; the difference between ambassadors and ministers, between chargés d'affaires, chargés d'affaires ad interim, and chargés d'affaires appointed not ad interim, but in the absence of a higher diplomatic representative; the difference between first person notes, in which the responsibility is great on account of the diplomatic representative signing his name thereto, and third person notes; between what are known as memoranda in which are supported representations which a diplomatic representative has made by virtue of his personal contact with a foreign office, and aides memoires of such conversations. I trust that answers your question directly, because it shows the shades of difference which would seem to the laymen rather unnecessary, but to many chancelleries are important, by which the person carrying on the conversation under instructions of his government supports it by employing aids to memory or leaves with the foreign office official a few notes to recall to the attention of the mind of the person the subject of his conversation. I could elaborate that further if you desire.

Mr. COOPER. I do not desire any more elaboration.

Mr. WRIGHT. Those are instances that occur to my mind.

Mr. COOPER. I am sufficiently confused now. I was just wonder

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which you so forcefully set forth. He would have to have a wonderful memory from reading a book to know anything about much of them.

Mr. MOORE. Do you think you could pass it?

Mr. COOPER. I might if I had sufficient time for preparation. Mr. MOORE. Would you do it for $4,000 a year?

Mr. COOPER. I might pass it with preparation and if I had a friendly board.

The CHAIRMAN. Especially the friendly board.

Mr. WRIGHT. There are some textbooks on which an applicant may concentrate.

Mr. COOPER. A man actually in business would acquire by experience a knowledge which really makes him expert but a man to get it from reading these textbooks, however brilliant he might be by nature, if in the jungles of some of our Western States, bright and able and scholarly, he would make a first-class man if given a chance, but he will have to memorize all that about diplomatic usage in order to answer intelligently at all, and it will be exceedingly difficult not having any actual experience.

The CHAIRMAN. I understand there are two or three schools in the country where these young men can attend.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Do you think if he did memorize that he would know much more than when he started?

Mr. COOPER. It depends upon his natural qualifications somewhat. Mr. LINTHICUM. On that salary question that you passed so rapidly, did I understand you to say that you did not favor increased salaries of chiefs but you did favor an allowance for entertainment or something of that kind?

Mr. WRIGHT. Yes, sir.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Upon what would you base that? One man might entertain a great deal more than another because he and his family might be fond of it. How can you arrive at a fair amount to allow him for entertainment?

Mr. WRIGHT. I think that it might be a composite photograph composed of the following elements: To a certain degree the nature of the allowances made to diplomatic representatives to this country from other countries. Those tables are prepared. In such an estimate, of course, would be figured these expenses which can not be considered so much as entertainment allowances as representation allowances, in which would be comprised the cost of the upkeep of the embassy, the legation, the consulate general, or the consulate belonging to the Government of the United States, for which such representative should not, in my opinion, be called upon to pay out of his own pocket.

Mr. CONNALLY. They have to do it now.

Mr. WRIGHT. In all missions, we have a contingent allowance which is applied to the upkeep of the chancery only; it can not be applied to expenses of the upkeep of such missions, except for important repairs nor to the salaries and wages of servants except the servants in the chancery. All expenses of the residential portion of the diplomatic or consular establishment are paid for by the occupant of the mission and not out of such a fund as that to which I have alluded. When it comes to the question of obligatory entertainment I think the consensus of opinion could very easily be obtained

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by the Department of State from present officers and from their predecessors and also from secretaries attached to the missions, as to what would be a reasonable amount to apportion to that mission for all the expenditures to which I have hastily alluded without undue emphasis on the entertaining side of it-such as the necessity for proper means of transportation, the upkeep of an automobile for the purposes of the mission and the other expenses incidental to the maintenance of such an establishment.

Mr. Chairman, may I revert to the question that Mr. Cooper raised-a subject, which if I may say so, and I do with all respect, is not nearly so complicated as it sounds in such a hurried résumé as I gave of it? Textbooks give guidance to the applicant so that he may learn the general trend of custom and of terms rather than merely memorize them. The requirement is to prepare him for that method of international intercourse which will persist as long as the present rules of international law obtain. Of course due allowance is made, I can assure you, in the examination for such men as may have gotten the gist of the difference between a note that might be sent commenting on something and a memorandum of a conversation while tactfully and courteously presenting the point of view of one's governent, so that we do not mark the man down if he does not get it letter perfect. We give him an understanding of it before he goes out into the field, if he catches the idea.

Mr. ROGERS of Massachusetts. I have heard criticism from the applicant that Mr. Cooper described as from the jungle, who writes here and asks for information as to how to get into the Diplomatic Service, and asks what textbooks he should read and how he should prepare himself; that he did not get satisfactory and precise information which enabled him to go ahead in his place of residence remote from the Capital, and be on fairly equal terms with the man who lived near the Capital, or in some university where he could get the benefit of information and assistance. Do you think that is a fair criticism?

Mr. WRIGHT. I think it is a fair criticism if you look at in this light. The Department of State and its affiliated branches abroad have a very consistent and very reasonable disinclination to make any recommendations regarding one institution or one individual or one textbook to the exclusion of others. Our reply to a matter of that kind is as follows: We inform them, if they ask it, that we consider that, unfortunately, at present it is necessary for individuals to have some private means-I am speaking of the Diplomatic Service-because it is unfortunately true that it is impossible for a diplomatic officer without means to live at all posts to which he may be sent. Secondly, we send him a pamphlet in which all this to which I have just referred and sample examinations are printed. Third, if he so asks we inform him that there are certain institutions which prepare men for the Diplomatic and Consular Service, enumerating several of them not to the exclusion of any others. Fourth, while stating that we can not give any specific advice as to textbooks or institutions or tutors, we hope a consideration in that light of the subjects in which he is supposed to pass will convince him that that is the best information that the department within these limitations can afford him. Does that answer your question?

Mr. ROGERS of Massachusetts. Yes.

Mr. CONNALLY. Do you mean to say that that practice is and has been heretofore in the State Department not to permit persons to take examinations unless they have private means?

Mr. WRIGHT. No, sir; we have not gone as far as that.

Mr. CONNALLY. That is what I understood you to say, that the department did not want them unless they had private means.

Mr. WRIGHT. When the question has been asked of the department whether the possession of private means is necessary, we have in many letters which have been sent out even comparatively recently told them-I think I can quote you the wording exactly-that the experience of the department is that at present the remuneration of secretaries in the diplomatic service is unfortunately not such as to enable the department to assure them that they will be able to live on their salaries at all posts to which they may be sent.

Mr. CONNALLY. Then the natural conclusion from that is that we might assume that practically all of those now in the diplomatic service have private means sufficient to take care of their wants at those posts.

Mr. WRIGHT. Except that I know that there are certain officers in the diplomatic service at present who have no private means and who have been able by rigid economy and because they are, by fortuitous circumstances, at posts where the rate of exchange is favorable and enables them to live within their salaries. There are some who are able to do it.

Mr. CONNALLY. I was just seeking information.

Mr. ROGERS of Massachusetts. The question of single blessedness enters into it?

Mr. WRIGHT. Yes, sir.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Áre there not certain positions to which you do not assign men who are married?

Mr. WRIGHT. There are certain positions to which we feel that we can not appoint married men for the following reasons, either the post is tropical and so unhealthy that it would be always more advisable to send a young unmarried man than a married man, or, in certain instances, the health of the man's wife or the fact that there are infants of tender years render it unwise to do so, aside from the fact that there are certain posts to which a married man with no means other than his salary can not live on his salary.

Mr. LINTHICUM. I am speaking of the Diplomatic and Consular Service. There are certain posts to which you will not appoint married men because the salaries are too small.

Mr. WRIGHT. Did I understand you to speak only of the Diplomatic and Consular officers or of clerks in the Diplomatic and Consular service.

Mr. LINTHICUM. I include them all. I include the clerks too.

Mr. WRIGHT. There is a differentiation there. We now pay transportation to and from their posts, when proceeding under orders, and legitimate traveling expenses of Diplomatic and Consular officers and their immediate families and effects, which is a comparatively recent provision. We, however, do not pay transportation of families and effects of clerks in either service. By effects I do not mean personal luggage, but transportation of the clerk's wives and families is not paid and therefore as far as the clerks

are concerned I can go one step farther than what I said before and say that for these reasons the department does not, to use your wording, assign married clerks to such posts.

Mr. LINTHICUM. I do not want you to understand that I am criticizing the department at all. I am in favor of giving men sufficient salaries that they may live at those posts and be married and have their families with them.

Mr. WRIGHT. Yes.

Mr. LINTHICUM. I think the American Government, if it expects to have American citizens at the posts, ought to provide salaries enough for them for these posts.

Mr. O'CONNELL. Or pay their expenses.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Yes.

The CHAIRMAN. Will not the passage of this bill relieve the department from the necessity of replying to inquiries to the effect that men have to have private means?

Mr. WRIGHT. Undoubtedly it will.

The CHAIRMAN. Will it be necessary to make such a reply as the one brought out by the question of Mr. O'Connell? Mr. WRIGHT. I think it will not.

We have been forced to make

that because we could not avoid the question asked. The CHAIRMAN. The bill is trying to remedy that.

Mr. WRIGHT. Exactly. If some one should say that such and such a salary, as contemplated by this bill, was not sufficient to live upon, I think among us there are some who can say that such a statement is not well founded, because a man can live upon such pay as that contemplated.

The CHAIRMAN. Speaking of the entire trend of your testimony, will it be very inconvenient to furnish this committee with the names of the men in the Diplomatic Service, with their home addresses? Mr. WRIGHT. Certainly not.

The CHAIRMAN. So that we can see whether or not we have any men from the jungles of the West, as Mr. Cooper said.

Mr. WRIGHT. I would be glad to do it.

The CHAIRMAN. That is information which would be valuable to the committee. You may add to it the recommenders.

Mr. CONNALLY. I think the department has that, as it was called to my attention by a member of the department.

Mr. WRIGHT. I can give you at once the diplomatic and consular list which shows the State from which the appointees come.

The CHAIRMAN. Suppose you prepare it to show the home addresses. Mr. WRIGHT. The town and State, of every person in the service? The CHAIRMAN. Prepare for the record the name and home address and the recommenders, if any, of those in the service.

Mr. COOPER. I ought to mention that Mr. Cole from Iowa says you are wrong to mention the jungles of the West in Iowa and Wisconsin. You have them right here in the city of Washington. Mr. COLE. All of that is true.

Mr. LINTHICUM. In reference to the jungles from around Washington, I will say that a gentleman from southern Maryland is here who was appointed a deputy consul just about a month ago after passing a very splendid examination. I think Mr. Carr will agree with me that Mr. Hodgon from southern Maryland did pass an excellent examination.