In 1893, at Springfield, Ohio, W. J. Frazer, the general secretary, and D. F. Graham, a skilled mechanic, both with a conviction that the association should help men in the industrial vocations, conducted courses in patternmaking, toolmaking, and cabinetwork, supplemented with mechanical drawing and shop mathematics. That was the beginning of vocational training along industrial lines in the association.

III. SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION.

With the growth of this educational movement there comes increasing demand for competent and trained leadership. The annual expenses of this educational work in North America for the school year 1912-13 were nearly $1,000,000; tuition receipts from students. were $714,000. The problems of securing the 2,600 paid teachers and over 2,000 volunteer leaders, of maturing plans for meeting discovered needs, and of successfully cooperating with the all-round association work require the highest qualities of local educational leadership.

1. Local supervision.-In 1892 Mr. Edwin F. See, the general secretary at Brooklyn, N. Y., asked Mr. W. H. Coughlin, who for two years had been teaching free-hand drawing in that association, to give one-half of his entire time to promoting the educational features of the association. He thus served two years on half time, and from 1894 for 12 years gave full time to such work; he was then made librarian of the association and educational secretary "emeritus." Thus began the work of the educational secretaryship.

In 1894 the Hartford, Conn., association employed Mr. N. P. Work, at first for part time and then for full time, to promote such work. In the same year Mr. W. M. Wood began like service in the Chicago association, giving his entire time to it. No person in those years did more than he to help associations appreciate the value of supplementary educational work among men and boys. W. M. Sherman in the same year, on part time at first, began promoting such work at the Tweny-third Street branch, New York. In 1896 Mr. F. P. Speare became educational secretary of Boston, in which capacity he still serves, and Mr. W. F. Hirsch began in Buffalo. In 1898 J. F. Hill entered similar work at Cambridge, E. A. Purdy in Minneapolis, Abram Ebersole in St. Louis, W. B. Van Akin in Detroit, and A. A. Macurda in San Francisco.

These were the beginnings of local supervision of educational work in Young Men's Christian Associations. Before 1896 there were but five educational secretaries. Their salaries ranged from $400 to $1,100; they had no stenographic or clerical help, and they served from 10 to 14 hours per day, with no "time off." Now, (October, 1913) each of the 80 associations with educational super

vision has from 1 to 10 men employed for their entire time either as secretaries or as heads of departments of instruction or as teachers. The salaries for the senior secretaries range from $1,200 to over $2,500; they usually have stenographic help; they spend about nine hours per day at their work; and they have one day and often two or more evenings per week for themselves.

Of these 80 senior educational secretaries, 16 are between 20 and 30 years of age, 40 are between 30 and 40, nineteen are between 40 and 50, and 4 are over 50. As to their period of service, 25 have served a minimum of two years previous to 1913, 23 have served three years; 18 four years, 16 five years, 12 six years, 11 seven years, 8 eight years, 8 nine years, 3 thirteen years, and 2 others for sixteen years or more. The average length of service of these men is a little over five years.

Of 47 senior educational secretaries who have served two years or more and have then left the position, 25 per cent have entered business, 30 per cent have entered the various professions, and 45 per cent have entered other positions in the association, most of them becoming general secretaries. Indeed, from the ranks of educational secretaries a larger relative proportion of general secretaries have been drawn than from the physical, boys', and religious work secretaries combined.

Among the conditions and qualities which have held men in this work, often declining offers of larger salaries, are the following: (a) Strong Christian character and a deep conviction concerning the place of the association in helping boys and men; (b) encouragement and cooperation from the secretary, the board, and other officers; (c) qualities of successful teamwork, including helpful cooperation with other departments; (d) patience, tact, faithfulness, foresight; (e) a firm belief in quality of service rather than in quantity; (f) a realization of the cumulative value of continuous service in educational work-a fact of greater importance than in any other department, because of the growing standards in educational matters recognized by the public. Naturally these ideal conditions and qualities are not always found, and some of the educational secretaries have discontinued the work because of the lack of them.

2. State supervision.-In 1899 George S. Budd was employed by the State committee of Massachusetts and Rhode Island to encourage and promote association educational work throughout the associations of the two States. He gave his entire time to wise promotive effort. This proved to be an excellent step. In 1903, being called to the State secretaryship of Ohio, he was succeeded by A. G. Bookwalter. who efficiently served in that capacity seven years, when he in turn

became State secretary of Ohio. Mr. W. C. Smith succeeded Mr. Bookwalter in Massachusetts and Rhode Island in 1910.

Following the example of Massachusetts, the State committee of Ohio in 1901 employed George B. Landis as State educational secretary. With the exception of the interval 1904-5, Mr. Landis successfully served until 1908. Ohio will soon add another man to the State force. In 1912 Pennsylvania secured Mr. Landis as its State educational secretary. In 1907 New Jersey State committee similarly employed M. A. Leiper. He served one year. In 1910 the New York State committee employed E. C. Myers to give half time as its State educational secretary; he resigned May 1, 1911.

Money invested in the right kind of men to promote educational work proves to be one of the best investments that can be made by any State committee. Such service strengthens the large associations and materially aids the smaller ones.

3. International supervision.-In 1893 the educational department of the international committee began its service with George B. Hodge as educational secretary. He still serves the committee in that capacity. In 1899 A. G. Bookwalter was added to the force. He served two years and was succeeded by George A. Gregg, who served until 1906, when he became the educational secretary in Seoul, Korea. In 1907 Mr. R. T. Hill began giving part time to educational work among boys and he served until December, 1911. In 1907 Mr. W. J. Lamkie began with the Army and Navy department of the committee's work and served until May, 1911. In 1907 Mr. R. C. Morse, jr., began service as railroad educational secretary on the Gould lines, with headquarters in St. Louis. After two years he was succeeded by Mr. F. M. M. Richardson, who has recently been transferred to the position of railroad educational secretary of the international committee, with headquarters in New York. In May, 1911, Mr. R. P. Kaighn began promoting appropriate educational features among industrial workers under the auspices of the industrial department of the international committee.

To continue and increase this kind of cooperative educational service the international committee greatly needs financial support to secure additional men to meet the demands upon it. Two or more strong and experienced men are necessary in the general work of the educational department to supplement the efforts of Mr. Hodge. One more is necessary to give special attention to this work among employed boys; another to similarly promote association day schools; another to give special attention to similar work in rural districts; another for similar service among regroes; and one more for special work in the Army and Navy associations.

4. Educational secretaries' association.-To promote the interests of association educational work the educational secretaries' association

was organized in 1895 at Springfield, Mass. Sessions have been held in connection with the international conventions or with the employed officers' conferences each year to the present time. The membership has grown from 5 to 65. The gatherings of this group were in 1902 at Mountain Lake Park, Md.; in 1903 at Lakewood, N. Y.; 1904 at Buffalo; 1905 at Niagara Falls; 1906 at Indianapolis; 1907 at Washington; 1908 at Atlantic City; and 1912 at Silver Bay, N. Y.

5. Necessity for training.-Men who succeed in the majority of positions to-day are those who have been obliged to give from 5 to 10 years to a study of the history, principles, and policies governing the work of the position held. The day is past when the "jack-of-alltrades" can accomplish much in any vocation, much less in modern association service.

To this end the association training schools at Chicago and at Springfield, Mass., are giving more thought each year. The training centers in a few local associations afford opportunity for some such study of educational work. The book, Association Educational Work for Men and Boys, published by the Y. M. C. A. Press, is the most complete handbook yet provided for such study by individuals, either alone, in training centers, in summer schools, or elsewhere.

The summer schools for educational secretaries at Silver Bay and Lake Geneva afford a rare opportunity for conference, study, interviews, and training. About one-half the educational secretaries attend these summer schools. The following is a brief outline of the topics covered annually in August at Silver Bay, N. Y., in a three-year course for educational secretaries. The course is adapted to meet the experience and maturity of the men. It includes systematic work five periods per day, one of which is in the Bible study, one in association principles and fundamentals, and three in technical educational topics. The work is made more and more helpful and practical each succeeding year. A similar course, at present covering the first two years, is given at Lake Geneva, Wis., annually in July.

SUMMER COURSE FOR EDUCATIONAL SECRETARIES.

First year. This course is limited to association officers and others who have had but little experience. It involves 1 daily session in Bible study; 1 in association principles; 8 sessions on fundamental educational principles; 10 on educational features; and 15 on methods. It includes such topics as how to study the field; how to advertise; how to secure teachers; how to organize and conduct classwork; the educational secretary, his qualifications and duties; finances; and many other topics.

Second year. This course is limited to those who have completed the firstyear course or its equivalent in a number of years in successful service. It includes 1 session daily in Bible study; 10 sessions on history, principles and pedagogy of association educational work; 10 on educational features and their extension; and 12 on administration and conduct. It includes such topics as

association pedagogy, industrial education, apprentice schools, the budget, textbooks and courses, daywork, vocational guidance, special schools, and others.

Third year. The course is limited to those who have completed the work of the second year. In addition to Bible study daily, it includes 8 sessions on supervision, history, and principles; 10 on features, problems, and administration; and 16 on seminar work. Each student must prepare a thesis, which he is required to defend before the institute for one or two sessions. The course also includes some advanced problems, conferences, and work, with one or more outside authorities. Satisfactory, completion of the requirements for the three-years' course entitles one to receive the honors of graduation; 17 men have won such honors in the past three years.

6. International examinations.-Written tests are valuable exercises in association work. They have proven beneficial for the following reasons: They have served as a helpful stimulus to teachers and students; they encourage much more thoroughness and definiteness in the work; they are valuable exercises in written English, since they require concise, clear, and accurate statements; they reveal to the students their own weaknesses and defects, as well as their abilities and successes; they demand concentration of mind, sustained mental effort, and a ready use of one's resources. Unquestionably they are also valuable as educational discipline.

The international examinations are regularly held the first week in April, the first week in June, and the third week in December. While these written tests are not obligatory, 136 different associations took them last year; 4,000 men and boys participated; and 2,153 certificates were won.

Definite regulations concerning dates and the conduct of the tests are necessarily clearly stated and carefully followed. Associations desiring to take part must send in their order for question papers before certain dates; the tests must be given on the exact date specified or the results are not accepted; each student must have a copy of the questions direct from the international committee; papers marked 65 or more by local examiners must reach the international committee within 10 days after the test; final papers passing, the international examiner at 75 or more are entitled to certificates. A fee must be paid by each applicant, amounting to 25 cents per question for elementary tests and 50 cents for each advanced test.

The standard courses of study given in the 142-page book, Outlines of Courses of Study, published by Association Press, New York, embrace the essential principles of over 100 subjects as applied in the best evening schools in America and Europe; and the examination covers those fundamental principles. For each of the courses there is an examiner whose final statement is accepted by the international committee.

7. Then and now.-When the international committee began to encourage, unify, and promote this work in 1893, it was crude and