No. 30.-VOL. 9. AGRICULTURE. RICE MILLS. AMERICAN FARMER-BALTIMORE, OCTOBER 12, 1827. [The following papers were read before the Agricultural Society of South Carolina, at their last meeting, on the 18th ult., and are inserted at their request in the American Farmer.] 400 bushels merchantable rice flour, at Per bbl. $18.58, or total value, 1778 22 80 00 1858 22 The Committee, consisting of James Gregorie, Hugh Rose, Dr. Benjamin Huger, Charles E. Rowand, and William Lucas, to whom was referred, on motion of Gen. Pinckney, the subject of foreign rice mills, with instructions to compile a notice, cal- The difference between $1858.22 and 1342.50culated to place their advantages in a fair point of that is, the loss on every 100 barrels of rice, is $515 view; and recommending the most efficient means 72 cents; or 27 per cent. On a crop of 400 barof drawing to the subject the attention of those rels, the loss is $2062 62 cents. One hundred and whose circumstances and situation will enable themeleven barrels, at $18 58 cents, amount to the same to make it profitable to themselves and beneficial to sum. the planter: Reports address to be disseminated abroad. 233 If the price of rough rice should ever rise, and become equivalent, to the planter, to beating at home, and this can only be when the trade becomes a general one, your committee is of opinion that it will then be a most beneficial one to the country; for the exportation of rough rice is not the exportation of the clean rice, but of all the offals, which at good prices, must be advantageous. In addition, if the trade becomes generally established, and well regulated, it will certainly be the means of saving the enormous waste; of enabling rice planters to avoid or prevent that state of plunder to which they are now exposed, and to devote all their time and labour to the improvement of their lands. prepara tensive information derived from planters, owners Having these views, which are the result of exof rice mills, and factors, as well as from the personal experience of the members themselves, your committee would impress upon the Society, the adThat your Committee has with diligence applied insurmountable objection to this new branch of seminating through every means, all the knowledge There is thus at present, a formidable, but not an vantage it will render to the rice planter, by disitself to obtain such information, as would enable commerce, proceeding from the very inadequate it possesses, or can collect, relating to the it to draw up and lay before the Society a suitable price paid to the planter for his rough rice, and tion of rice and the profits attending it; by diswhich is occasioned altogether by the want of com- countenancing all mystery and secrecy, for these The object of this address is to call the attention petition in purchasing; for there is only one indi- have occasioned heavy losses to the planters, and of foreign capitalists, to the new branch of com-vidual, or at least, but one company, engaged in have created this new trade. merce, the exportation of rough rice from Carolina this trade. with the view of being prepared in other countries; In conclusion, your committee recommends that There is another circumstance extremely objec- the following Address be published, and that it be and to offer all the information necessary to enable 'tionable in it, which is brought to the notice of authorized to take such steps as may be advisable, them to form a correct judgment on this interesting, those who sell in the rough. It is that the delivery (in conjunction with the Corresponding Secretary,) subject. of the rice is transferred from the hands of the to have it extensively circulated in the Northern In the course of the inquiry which your committee seller, or his agent, to the hands of the purchaser, states and in Europe. necessarily entered into, it has endeavoured to trace or his agents, for measurement, without a check or the cause of this remarkable change in the rice guard against mistakes. JAMES GREGORIE, trade, and the facts which have come to its notice, Chairman of the Committee. have filled it with the most melancholy reflections. In tracing to its origin this extraordinary trade, When the Carolina planter sells his crop for ex- ready have affected, materially, an useful class of your committee at once perceived, that it must al portation in the rough, on the present system, in- individuals, hitherto highly necessary to many rice stead of beating it out at home, he does so at a cer- planters, and whose services could not, until the tain sacrifice of 27 per cent. That is, the planter present time, have been dispensed with. who raises 400 barrels of rice, gives up to stran committee mean the proprietors of toll mills, near Your gers he never saw, 111 barrels of his crop yearly; Charleston. besides submitting to other losses, which may result from sending it afloat in bulk, or from carele" mea surement. And yet to some planters, wh cannot beat at home, this may have hitherto appered to be attended with the smallest sacrifice feeling, or interest. Your Committee has ascertained that one fourth part of the price of clean, or m rket rice, is the standard, at which prime rough ice is now valued in the Charleston market. Tt part of the crop of 1826, which has been exorted, amounting to 164,899 bushels, has been sad on this principle. Notice of the Agricultural Society of South Caroli na, on the profits of the New Trade of Rough Rice. The Agricultural Society of South Carolina has of domestic capital in Carolina, and recently of foseen with deep interest, the extensive investments reign capital abroad, in mills exclusively employed in the preparation of rice. It is convinced that a knowledge of the lucrative nature of the process used in converting this invaluable grain, into the rice of commerce, will not only be of advantage to the agriculturists engaged in raising it, but to the enterprising capitalists or mechanics of other states and countries, who may embark in these, to many, new and unknown operations. seminating such information as will be a perfect Under these impressions, and with a view of disguide to those who might wish to invest capital in rice mills abroad, the Society publishes the following observations and statements, founded as well upon the actual experience of its members, as upon that of other persons of unquestionable integrity, who are immediately and extensively engaged in the growth, preparation and sale of rice, as planters, millers, and factors. The encouragement given to the mills near town, Cortainly was sconcioned by the advantage the planter expected to derive from superior preparation of his crop; from a supposed saving of plantation waste, and pilferage, and from the time gained in putting his lands in order: the whole of which were well worth to him 9 or 10 per cent. But the loss to many planters, by sending to toll mills, has been so great, the disappointments and delays so vexatious, and the mortifications so deep, that in many cases those who have frequented these mills, and who would still have resorted to them from being Taking the average prie of clean rice at $3 per unable or unwilling to undertake beating at home, 100 lbs., that of prime rough rice at one-fourth have preferred selling in the rough, for exportation, part, or 75 cents; and the average quantity of rough as the least of the many evils they are liable to. rice required to the 00 lbs. of clean rice at 2000 On this subject every planter will be best enabled bushels; it appears toyour committee, the loss it has to judge from his past experience. Your commit stated will be apparnt. For if the planter sells in tee, however, cannot help remarking, that it bethe rough 2000 behels at 75 cents, it will yield him lieves the exportation of rough rice of the two last only $1342 50 cmts-viz: crops sent out of the country, amoun ing to 283,649 bushels, has occasioned an immediate loss of all the toll on that quantity, to the mills near Charleston, which they would have enjoyed but for this new 37 50-157 50 traffic; and, further, it thinks that it might be worthy of the attention, and the calculation of every inN. pd's. $13420dividual proprietor of a toll mill, whether he will If he beats his crop at home, the same quantiy not lose his whole trade or employment, unless he will give him what is equal to $1858.22. The ca- bends all his attention to reducing in every way, the losses and charges, which those, who send their rice from a distance, are subject to at present. Rice, as it comes from the barnyard, is envelopIt has been asserted, "that this new branch of and is then termed rough rice. Its weight per bushed in a thick husk, impenetrable to most insects, commerce, is highly advantageous to South Caroli-el is from 43 to 50 lbs.; the average weight of prime Your committee cannot see it in this light, in rough rice may be taken at 47 lbs. In the rough it $1850 0 its present stage. It has already shewn the loss may be kept in hot climates for many years; but in sustained by the planter, who adopts this mode of more temperate latitudes, if carefully attended to, 940 selling in the rough, and it is impossible to convince it is believed it will be found to be almost imperishit, that what is a loss to individuals, can be other able. In this state it affords nourishment to all our $1944 0 wise, in this instance, than a loss to the country. domestic animals. 2000 bushels, at 75 cents, culation is as follows: $1500 00 na," The object of this Society is to shew, that this trade will yield large and certain profits, and that unlike that in other grain, this is a safe as well as a highly lucrative one; for the growth of rice is limited by the peculiarity of climate and soil required for its culture; and the grain itself is of a nature so durable, as to occasion no risk of deterioration, should be necessary to keep it from year to year, or for many years. it THE GRAIN. Rough rice in its preparation or manufacture, which is called pounding or beating out, yields four distinct substances, three of which are highly profitable articles; the other, although useful, is never sold with us. The first is market rice, or the rice of commerce; the second, small rice; the third rice flour; and the fourth chaff. These three last are called of fals. To produce 100 bbls. of market rice, each barrel weighing 600 lbs. (avoirdupois,) nett weight, with a due proportion of offals, the quantity of rough rice required is from 1900 to 2400 bushels, according to its weight and quality. In proportion to this quality, of course, is the quantity and quality of the market rice; in a similar manner, the quantity and quality of the offals depend upon the same circumstance. But it is to be observed, that very prime, sound and heavy rough rice, yields the greatest product in market rice, with less offals; while inferior and light rough rice, gives a less proportion in market rice, with a greater in offals. Market rice, or the rice of commerce, is too well known to require description. Small rice is the imperfect grains which are broken in the process of pounding. It is merely an inferior quality of market rice; and for all the purposes of food is, in proportion, equal to the best. It is worth in the Charleston market two thirds of the price of prime rice, sometimes more, and is extremely saleable. The quantity produced in beating out, is from 5 to 10 barrels, fanned clean, to every 100 barrels of prime rice, according to the quality of the rough rice. 100 barrels of prime clean market rice, each weighing 600 lbs. nett. 7 barrels of clean small rice, (on an average,) and weighing as above. The profits in markets abroad, depending upon The Society is well aware that no foreigner or freights, exchanges, &c. cannot be ascertained, and stranger, who at present is ignorant of the process minute calculations are foreign to the present object of preparing rice for market, can undertake to conof the Society. But those who feel interested in duct it, until he has acquired, by inspection, and the information now conveyed, may confidently de- some experience, the necessary knowledge, as well pend, that any machinery fit for the purpose of of the machinery, as of the grain itself. They beating out and preparing rough rice, if conducted therefore give notice, that, independent of the pubwith care and economy, will yield from every 2000 lic mills beating on toll, there are in South Carolina bushels of prime rough rice, weighing 47 lbs. and upwards of 60 private rice mills, going by water so in proportion to its weight, the following pro- power, and many smaller machines erected on the duct, viz: plantations, and employed in getting out the crops of rice, grown by the gentlemen who own them. In these, information can be readily procured, by persons bringing suitable certificates of good character. And as the Society believes, that to some who might wish to acquire the knowledge of this new art, in order to carry it into other states and countries, it may be an object of consideration to lessen their expenses while here, it would state, that intelligent practical farmers or mechanics, who would come out with unquestionable certificates for honesty, sobriety, quietness, and industry, will be well treated, and, if found deserving of confidence, will easily meet with employment, where they can perfect themselves as millers, and acquire all the necessary knowledge of the machinery to enable them to erect rice mills, on the most perfect and economical principles. 400 bushels of merchantable rice flour. The new crop of rough rice is for sale in Charles MACHINERY. The most simple way of beating out rice is by hand, in a wooden mortar dug out of the trunk of a tree, with a wooden pestle. This process detach es the grain from the offals, which are separated, the flour and small rice by sifters, the husk by winnowing; leaving the market rice for use. MERCANTILE NOTE. rough rice would be subject, would be commissions The only charges to which a general trade in if bought by an agent. No wharfage, or cartage, &c. need be paid, as the receiving ship might take in her cargo at anchor in the stream. Rice flour is also produced in the process of beating out. It is a fine flour, or powder, greedily eaten by all our domestic animals, but is never used as The most improved machinery can only perform If this trade should extend itself to the Eastern food by any of the human species. The quantity the same process in a more extensive, more perfect, states, the coasters could take in the rough rice at of this offal obtained, is from two hundred and fifty to and cheaper manner. three hundred bushels of fine flour to the 100 bar the whole operation, that any man of the most com- freight to the other profits of the Northern millers. But such is the simplicity of the plantations, and thus add the inland, or country rels of market rice. But for feeding domestic crea mon capacity, can superintend and direct it from The average of this freight is six cents per bushel. tures, it is, when sold in Charleston, mixed with one beginning to end. third or more of fine chaff, which increases the quanEuropean capitalists are informed, that the preBefore the introduction of mills going by water sent exchange on London is 10 per cent. premium, tity to about four hundred bushels for every hundred power, or steam, rice was beat out on plantations ordvance on bills at 60 days sight-dollars at 4s. barrels of market rice. Its value, then, is about by animal power. A simple and shaap opucivo uf 6d. stoling. Exchange on Paris, 5f. 15 per dollar. five bushels per dollar in Charleston. machinery, made by plantation carpenters, being But if credit is opened in New York, and drafts Chaff is the husk of the rough rice. It is useful used for the purpose. These machines have been passed though the Branch of the United States at in commerce and agriculture. In the first for pack-greatly improved upon, so as to save much labour, 60 or 90 das, and the New York agent reimburses ing glass, &c. instead of straw. In the latter, as a and they complete the process in a perfect manner. manure for stiff clay lands, for which it is found Some of the rice brought to market, beat out in valuable by some cultivators. this way, by animal power, has exceeded in quality and value, rice produced on the same plantation, beat out at the most extensive and perfect rice mill in the state. From the cheapness of the materials, and requiring but a small investment of capital; these machines would be well suited to towns and districts abroad, where the trade or consumption is PROFIT. The owner of a rice mill near Charleston, purchasing rough rice in Carolina, weighing 47 lbs. costing 75 cents per bushel, beating out the same, and selling it himself at $3 per 100 lbs. in Charleston, with the offals at the prices they would bring himself by Gafts on London or Paris, at 60 or 90 days sight, a considerable advantage in time, as well as exchang will be the consequence. Exports from the United States pay no duty. AGR ULTURAL note. In South Carolina an overseer, that is, a man in the same market, the Society estimates would not great. They prepare from 4 to 7 barrels daily, first day of January. He furnished with a com make a profit of 28 per cent.* and require from 4 to 8 oxen, or the same force in United States. Charges. From Mill, 25 cents, $1920 32 420 32 $1850 94 80 $9024 who superintends and manages the agricultural operations, and other genera concerns of rice, cotton, or other plantations, is hird by the year, from the self and family, and a certain quantity of meat; the fortable house, provisions of he grain kind for himuse of a servant or servants; of one or two cows; a share of the hogs and poultry hised under his or his wife's care. A salary according to the value of his knowledge, industry and usefuliess, and in proportion to the number of labourers on the plantation. The salaries are paid in money at the end of the year, and are from 250 to 1200 Spanish dollars, varying according to the size and income of the place, and consequent exertions of the overseer. German agriculturists are much liked, from their quiet and orderly habits. On motion, Resolved, That the Report and Address be laid upon the table for consideration at 1939 76 the next meeting in October, and in the mean time be published in the newspapers of the city. Extract from the Minutes. coopers, are taken into the calculation, and if he saves Although nominated one of the Committee to rethe weighing in Charleston, which he can do, the true port on the subject of foreign rice mills, I strongly profit to millers would be upwards of 30 per cent. hbjected to the practical correctness of the calcu lation, as far as my experience and observation ex- What would be the expense of supplying ten Agricultural Society of South Carolina. The members of the Committee on Foreign Rice Mills, associated with Mr Lucas, were not aware that he finally differed from them in the "practical correctness of the calculations," printed by order of the Agricultural Society, until they saw his notification in the Patriot of Monday The cotton for Comforts can be procured for less than two cents per pound. The wool will cost 25 cents. The difference in the expense of manufacturing immense. Manufactures in the South. Important to Cotton Planters-Extract of a letter from an intelligent gentleman now travelling in New England. In Connecticut, and in Providence and its neighbourhood, I made inquiries respecting the manufacture of cotton bagging out of cotton. I had many conversations with owners, agents, and superintendants of small and large works. My inquiries were, what would be the actual cost of baggThe capacity of the Southern states for manu- ing 42 inches wide, weighing 1 pounds per yard, facturing their great staple, is no longer a matter of and at what price, the stock or material being found. speculation. Practical experiment has demonstrat- I showed them the coarsest sample I had manufaced, not only their capacity to manufacture, but to tured out of cotton by Mr. Allen, of Nashville, TenMr. Lucas brought with him to the Committee, manufacture their own staple at a cheaper rate than nessee. his mill book, and a note of the total quantity of in any part of the Union. Last February, a year, The following is the result. One of my informarket rice and small rice, beat at the Greenwich I accompanied a most intelligent Tennessee planter mants estimated the actual cost for labour at 24 Mill. The quantity stated by him was 2323 bbis. of from Pittsburg to Nashville, a Mr. Nightingale, for cents, all other expenses at 24 cents; at 20 cents market, and 1744 bbls. of small rice; which, on be-merly of Rhode Island. He was then taking with he would turn out any quantity. He supposed that ing calculated before Mr. Lucas, gave 74 bbls. of him a "foreman" from Providence, Rhode Island, to one woman could weave 150 yards per day on a small rice per 100 bbls. of market rice. superintend his cotton factory. This factory is lo- power loom. Another said it could be made for 15 The note of rice flour, left by Mr. Lucas with the cated in Maury county, Tennessee. The machine- or 18 cents, and that one woman can weave 80 or Committee, was incomplete, but is as follows: giv-ry is propelled by a never failing, and never freez- 100 yards. Another, cost 6 cents, sold at 17 cents. ing an average of 257 bushels of fine flour to the ing water power. The entire labour is performed Another could deliver the cloth at 5 cents, and could 2000 bushels of rough rice, thereby confirming the by slaves. Mr. Nightingale now supplies a large make 50 yards on each power loom. Another says statements and calculations in the report of the portion of Tennessee and North Alabama, with 8 cents, and 50 yards per day Another 3 or 400 Committee. coarse cotton goods. His profits upon his capital per week, for 4 or 5 cents. Another for 4 or 5 cents. are said to be quadruple the profits of the cotton grower. What, then, but enterprise, is wanting to introduce the manufacture of cotton, largely, into the Southern states, from Maryland to Louisianafor the following reasons: Dec. 29, 2012 bushels made 272 Rice Flour. do. 254 do. do. do. 420 do. do. do. 257 do. 66 7. 3026 JAMES GREGORIE, Chairman. CHAS E. ROWAND, DR. HUGER, absent from town. MANUFACTURE OF COTTON IN THE (From the Evening Chronicle.) This is a most important difference in favour of the south; but, in addition to this, the slave will be yearly increasing in value, without any increase of the price of maintaining him; so will the Northern It has been most satisfactorily proved by the ex-hand increase in value; his wages must also increase. 'perience of all the Eastern and Northern states, and by some of the Planers in the South, that what is called a Comfort, made of five pounds of cotton, quilted or stitched like a matrass, in six yards and a half of cotton cloth, is preferable, as a covering to four common woollen blankets. The cost of this article may be estimated as follows: $1.05 $12.90 Four woollen blankets will cost, Many gentlemen who have made the experiment, assert that one comfort is worth four or five blankes, It was a new article to them; and it was with difficulty that I could get some of them to express an opinion as to its cost, and what they would make it for; as many of them are in the fine goods line, and did not wish to change their machinery for small considerations. Indeed some of them were at a loss what change would be requisite. However, from what I saw and heard, I think one of their machines could be used with little or no alteration for the warps; for the filling there might be more difficulty. Sheeting, 37 inches wide, sells for 13 or 14 cents. One pound will make 3 yards, waste 10 to 14 per cent. Sheeting costs 1 to 2 cents per yard for weaving. It is computed that North Alabama consumes 300,000 yards of cotton bagging annually, at an average expense of $100,000, which large amount is principally paid to the Kentucky manufacturer in money Of the coarse clothing which is annually imported, it is impossible to take even a conjectural estimate of the quantity; but we all know it to be very large, perhaps not less in value than that of cotton bagging. In a population of 80,000, the consumption of coarse cotton fabrics would not probably be less than 1,200.000 yards annually; being an average of 15 yards for each individual. ZOOLOGY. 4. The superior mildness of the climate, not only facilitates the operation of the spindle and the loom, OF THE STUDY OF THE Animal Kingdom withH REbut arrests the hand of winter, which binds the Northern water power in fetters of ice. 5 We have the cotton at our doors; this is im portant, as the expense of sending off the raw material thousands of miles, and bringing back the manufactured article, in cotton bagging, ropes, &c. would be very considerable. Why, then, should we hesitate? Almost every part of the south is abundantly supplied with never failing, and never freezing water power; in Ten nessee and Virginia, especially, the best in the and have assured me that they slept pleasantly Union. Why should these beautiful streams, in last winter at Cincinnati, with a sheet and one confort. This, surely, is of all bed-covering, the mst viting the hand of industry, be permitted to roll by agreeable, and the most economical. Let planters furnish their slaves with these chap comforts, and they reserve millions of dollars to procure enjoyments for themselves and their fani lies, which were formerly expended in the purchse of miserable, little, thin woollen blankets, whch are obtained from abroad at an enormous cost. A COMFORTEI "Wasting their (power) on the desert air." The instinct of animals for food, presides over the stomach is empty; it is promoted by exercise, cold organs of the stomach. Hunger is felt when the air applied to the skin, and cold, acid, or astringent fluids introduced into the stomach. Inactivity, warm covering, the attention diverted, and warm fluids, have a tendency to allay the sensation. Thirst is accompanied with a sensation of dryness in the mouth. This dryness may be occasioned by excessive expenditure of the fluids, in consequence of the dryness or saltness of the food which has been swallowed; or to their deficiency, from the state of the organs. Both hunger and thirst, besides being greatly influenced by haoit, exhibit very remarkable peculiarities according to the species and tribes of animals. Those which live on the spoils of the animal pregnation: others have the sexual organs separate, long attracted the notice of the inquisitive obserkingdom are said to be carnivorous, when they feed and on different individuals. The young of such ver. The egg of the frog is hatched in the water, on flesh; piscivorous, when they subsist on fishes; animals are either nourished at first by the store of and the young animal spends in that element a and insectivorous, when they prey on insects. Again food in the egg, or by the circulating juices of the part of its youth. While there, it is furnished those animals which are phytivorous, or subsist on mother. Those species in which the former ar- with a tail and external bronchiæ; both of which are the products of the vegetable kingdom, are either rangement prevails, are termed oviparous, while the absorbed and disappear, when it becomes an inhagranivorous and feed on seeds; graminivorous, pas-term viviparous is restricted to the latter. bitant of the land. The infancy of the butterfly is turing on grass; or herbivorous, browsing on twigs In all animals it is the business of the female to pre spent in the caterpillar-state, with organs of moand shrubs. pare the ovum or germ, and bring it to maturity. For tion and mastication which are peculiar to that this purpose, the germ is produced in the ovarium, period. It is destined to endure a second hatching, farther perfected in the uterus or matrix, and finally by becoming enveloped in a covering, and suffering expelled from the system through the vagina. a transformation of parts previous to appearing The office of the male is to impregnate the germ by in its state of maturity. These metamorphoses of means of the spermatic fluid. This fluid is secreted oviparous animals present an almost infinite variety in the testicles, transmitted by the spermatic ducts, of degrees of change, differing in character accordand finally conveyed by the external organ to its ing to the tribes or genera. ultimate destination. Besides those substances which animals make use of as food, water is likewise employed as drink, and as the vehicle of nutritious matter. Salt is necessarily mixed with the drink of the inhabitants of the ocean, and is relished by man and many other animals. Other inorganic substances are likewise employed for a variety of purposes. Many savages make use of steatite and clay along with their food The common earthworm swallows the soil, from which, in its passage through the intestines, it extracts its nourishment. In some cases substances are swallowed for other purposes than nourishment. Stones are retained in the stomach of birds to assist in triturating the grain. The wolf is said to satisfy his hunger, by filling his stomach with mud. Of the Circulating System. In many kinds of fishes and reptiles, the yolks, after being furnished with their glaire, are ejected from in the male is afterwards poured over them. Im-important purpose of generation, it is observed, that the body of the female, and the impregnating fluid pregnation can be effected readily in such cases, by the artificial application of the spermatic fluid. Impregnation in insects appears to take place while the eggs pass a reservoir containing the sperm, situated near the termination of the oviduct in the volva. The most simple mode of hatching is effected by the situation in which the eggs are placed by the mother, after or during their exclusion. In this mode, a place is usually selected where the eggs will be exposed to a suitable and uniform tempera ture, and where a convenient supply of food may be easily obtained for the young animals. Such arrangements prevail in the insect tribe. In birds, it is well known that one sexual union Among the viviparous animals, the reproductive suffices for the production of impregnated eggs organs present many points of resemblance, and during the period of laying. This is a case someappear to be constructed according to the common what analogous to those quadrupeds which produce model. It is otherwise with the sexual organs of several young at a birth with one impregnation, difthe oviparous tribes. They exhibit such remarka-fering, however, in the circumstance that the eggs able difference in the form and structure of all their fare not all produced at the same time, although they organs, that it is impossible to collect them into are afterwards hatched by the same incubation. In natural groups, or assign to them characters which the aphides, or plant-lice, as they are called, one they have in common. impregnation not only renders fertile the eggs of the The manner in which the eggs of birds are impreg individual, but the animals produced from these, and The food being reduced to a pultaceous mass, and mixed with a variety of secreted fluids, by means of the nated by the male, has not been satisfactorily deter-the eggs of those again, unto the ninth generation. mmed. With the exception of the cicatricula, a digestive organs, is in this state denominated chyme. female bird, in the absence of the male, can produce impregnation takes place by the mutual application Androgynous animals are of two kinds; those where This mixture exhibits a chemical constitution nearly approaching that of blood, into which it is destined an egg. The conjunction of the sexes, however, of the sexual organs of two individuals; and those to be converted, by the separation of the useless from is necessary for the impregnation of the egg, and where the hermaphroditism is complete. The mollusca exhibit examples of both kinds. the useful part. This is effected by certain vessels the effect is produced previous to the exclusion. called lacteals, which absorb the nutritious part of Gemmiparous animals are exemplified in the bydra the chyme, and convey it to a particular receptacle. or fresh water polypus, and other zoophytes. Another set of absorbents, the lymphatics, take up Hybridous animals. In the accomplishment of the all the substances which have been ejected from the circulation, and which are no longer necessary in in the season of love, individuals of a particular species are drawn together by mutual sympathy, the particular organs, and communicate their conand excited to action by a common propensity. tents to the store already provided by the lacteals The produce of a conjunction between individuals The veins receive the altered blood from the extre of the same species partakes of the characters commities of the arteries or the glands, in which they mon to be species, and exhibits in due time the chaterminate, and proceed with it towards the lungs to racteristic marks of puberty and fertility. In a natu be again ærated. In their progress, they obtain the ral state, tin selective attribute of the procreative incollected fluid of the other absorbents, and in the stinct unerringly guides the individuals of a species lungs, again prepare the whole for the use of the towards each oner, and a preventive aversion turns system. Thus, during the continuance of life, the them with disgust from those of another kind. In a arteries supply the materials by which the system is domesticated state, where numerous instincts are invigorated and enlarged, and oppose that tendency suppressed, and where others are fostered to excess, to decay, produced by the influence of external ob individuals belonging to different species are somejects. The process continues during the whole of times known to lay asio their natural aversion and life, new matter is daily added, while part of the old to unite in the business of propagation. Instances and useless is abstracted. The addition is greatest of this kind occur among quadrupeds, birds, and in early life, the abstraction is greatest in old age. fishes, among viviparous and oviparous animals, This continued system of addition and substraction where impregnation takes phce within, as well as has led some to conclude, that a change in the corIn the last mode, the eggs are retained in the ute-when it is effected without the body. The product poreal identity of the body takes place repeatedly rus, without any connexion, however, by circulating of such an unnatural union is termed a hybridous during the continuance of life, that none of the par-vessels, until the period when they are ready to be animal. The following circumstances appear to be ticles of which it consisted-in youth, remain in its hatched, when egg and young are expelled at the connected with hybridous productions. composition in old age. Some have considered the same time. This takes place in some sharks and The parents must belong to the same natural genus change effected every three, others every seven mollusca. The animals which exercise this last or family. There are no exceptions to this low. years. This opinion, however, is rendered doubtful kid of incubation, are termed ovoviviparous. In Where the species differ greatly in manners and by many well known facts. Letters marked on the the rana pipa, the eggs are deposited in a bag on the structure, no constraints or habits of domesticaskin by a variety of substances, frequently last for back, where they are hatched, and where the young tion will force the unnatural union. On the other life. There are some diseases, such as the small- animals reside for sometime after their birth. Some hand, sexual union sometimes takes place among pox and measles, of which the constitution is only animals, as the aphis, are oviparous at one season,ndividuals of nearly related species. Thus, among once susceptible; but it is observed to be liable to and ovoviviparous at another. quadrupeds, the mule is the produce of the union of the attack of these diseases, at every period of The young after being hatched, are, in many cases, the horse and the ass. The jackall and the wolf human life. independent of their parent, and do not stand in both breed with the dog. Among birds, the canary Of the reproductive System of Animals. need of any assistance: they are born in the midst of and goldfinch breed together, the Muscovy and Animals are reproduced in consequence of the fune- plenty, and have organs adapted to the supply of ommon duck, and the pheasant and ben. Among tions of certain organs, with the exception of some their wants. Thus, many insects are hatched on, ishes, the carp has been known to breed with the of the very lowest in the scale. In those animals or within the very leaves which they are afterwards ench, the crusian and even the trout. (Phil. Trans. which possess peculiar organs for the preparation of a devour. In other cases, the young are able to 1771, p. 318.) the germ or ovum, some are androgynous, (man follow their parents, and receive from then a supply The parents must be in a confined or domesticated woman) and either have the sexual organs incor-of appropriate food; or if unable to follow, their palate. In all those hybridous productions which porated, and capable of generating without assist-rents bring their food to the nest have yet been obtained, there is no example of indiance or the sexual organs are distinct, and the union The changes which the young of oviparous animals iduals of one species giving a sexual preference to of two individuals is necessary for the mutual im- undergo in passing from infancy to maturity, have hose of another. Among quadrupeds and birds, In the second mode, the mother, aided in some cases by the sire, forms a nest, in which she deposits her eggs, and, sitting upon them, aids their hatching by the heat of her body. Birds in general hatch their young in this manner. while it is yet sweet, take a clean cask, put in it a those individuals of different species which have uni- (From the Massachusetts Spy.) "I knew by the smoke that so gracefully curl'd," &c. I knew by the people who crowded the way, Brought rude strains of music to me and to mine; 'Twas the rattling of wheels and the din of the throng The prancing of steeds, and the lowing of kine. "Yes, this is the holiday sport," I exclaim'd "Of the farmer-his gath'ring for money and cheer;" And, in truth, I am jealous he could not be blam'd, If he had meetings annual-three times a year! We all, it is sure, must have whereby to live, He the plough, (mark the sequel,) and I have my The orchards are bending under the weight of apples, and the time of making cider is near at hand. The general process is understood, but at tention to two or three particulars, may greatly in crease the liquor. Why does Burlington cider bring, in market, double the price of that made else where? Use water freely in making every thing sweet and clean before you begin, but very sparingly after wards. Put your apples, after being gathered, for a few days in a dry place, exposed to the sun. Let your casks be perfectly sweet. See that the straw used be clean and bright. Throw all the rotten, or rotting apples to your pigs. Keep the several sorts of the apples separate; if ground together the cider will not be so good. When the liquor has undergone sufficient fer mentation to throw off the impure matter in it, and 1st. The leaves are gathered with greatly less labor and expense, being cut and taken together like hay or grain. 2d. The leaves are larger and more tender than on the grown tree; and the worms eat with more appetite and produce more silk. 3d. The time of gathering the supply is so short, that the leaves are got with the morning dew upon them, which is deemed, by practical men, to be an essential advantage. 4th. More worms can be supported from a given space of ground, and the mulberries are ready after one season, instead of waiting several years for the formation of an orchard. My informant, who took pains to make minute The apple crop, properly managed, may be very inquiries on the spot, stated one instance where the profitable. A small apple orchard below Westches-worms tended by one young woman, supplied with ter, two years ago, produced to its owner several leaves in the mode described, produced silk to the hundred dollars. [Village Record. value of $400 in one season. PEACH TREES. PRINCE'S CATALOGUES. Linnæan Botanic Garden, near New York, This is the season to destroy the pest which kills J. S. SKINNER, Esq. October 2, 1827. this valuable tree; just above the surface of the Dear Sir,-In the 24th edition of my catalogue earth you will now find a gum, which has issued recently published, I have offered to the public from the wound which the worm has made in his above 500 new and very superior varieties of fruits, ravages on the root, and of the eatings and of this of those kinds which have been recently brought gum he has formed a sack, in which he has enclo-into notice by Mr. Knight, president of the London sed himself, about one inch in length and of a dark Horticultural Society, and by professors Van Mons, brown colour; looking much like tobacco thrown Duquesne and other distinguished horticulturists. away after chewing. This contains an insect just ready to come forth with wings; it is of a beautiful black, and looks much like a wasp, not so long, nor with the small middle of that insect, but having round his body a ring of a bright orange colour-in few days these insects will be at maturity, and they immediately commence a new work of destruction, by depositing near the root of the tree their nits, or young, which in time are quickened and commence eating again. It is supposed that a covering which will prevent their access to the root of the tree, will preserve it from damage. a CULTURE OF SILK. In addition to those enumerated in the catalogue I have received 300 other varieties, which are now under culture, and will be brought forward in the ensuing season. It is proper to remark that of the 500 new varieties in the present catalogue, there are not more than 20 or 25 which are in the possession of any other establishment of the kind in this country, as will be seen by reference to the respective catalogues. Of these new fruits, sir, I propose giving accurate descriptions, as fast as they produce and my "Short Treatise on Horticulture," now in the press, will contain descriptions of a number of them. I annex the following extract from that treatise, relative to some of the finest pearsthe numbers attached to them refer to their enume 190. Urbaniste.-A pear nearly globular, the colour yellowish green, flavour similar to that of rose water, the fruit large, and ripens in November. 132. Beurré Napoleon.-Fruit exceedingly fine, melting and juicy; in size not quite as large as the foregoing, ripens from November to December. As there is an unusual anxiety pervading the pub-ration in my catalogue. Hic mind in relation to this interesting subject, we publish the following extracted from the New York Times. The day is not far distant when the south ern section of this country will be as celebrated for 167. Marie Louise-Fruit of a pale yellow cocultivation of cotton, which, with adequate protec-melting, and very juicy; it is at maturity from Nothe production of silk, as it is at present for the lour, middle size, and fine flavoured; the flesh is tion, will be converted into fabrics of ornament and vember to December. use to the total exclusion of foreign silk, and become a valuable article of export. England, with the aid of the magician "scientific power," sends to India silk manufactures, which a few years ago she imported from that country, though compelled to purchase the raw material from other nations-but such is our happy situation, that silk produced by the labour of the south, will be manufactured by the skill and ingenuity of the north, unless our southern neighbours should overcome their prejudices and build manufactories-a "consummation devoutly to be wished." In a part of New England where the silk worm has been an object of attention for a longer time than in most parts of the country, the little German settlement on Ebenezer creek, in Georgia, excepted, some new modes of cultivating the mulberry are introduced. I am informed that several of the "silk farmers" sow their seed broad-cast like turnips, in the spring, and in the following season cut the plants with a scythe as soon as the worms begin to at out of the cocoons. This mowing is regularly prosecuted every morning in the quantities wanted, and unless the season be one of a severe drought, the fields will be cut over twice or thrice before the vorms begin to wind up. The advantages stated of this mode are these. 131. Beurré Knox.-Fruit yellow, of large size, and pear shaped, flavour excellent; ripe from November to December. 156. Florelle-Fruit of nearly a scarlet colour, with very small dark spots, shape pyriform; it is of middle size, fine flavour, and greatly esteemed; ripe in November. This pear is called in some publications forelle, and the poire truite is by some I considered to be the same. 125. Beurré d'Ahremberg.-A very fine greenish pear, form and size of the beurre gris; it is considered by some as the best of all the beurré pears. 123. Beurré Coloma.--A pear of medium size, of excellent quality, and ripe in September. 173. Pass Colmar.-This is one of the pears reared from seeds by professor Van Mons. It is between buttery and melting, and very sweet; fruit of good size and pyriform, but particularly broad towards the eye. It is a melting pear of exceeding fine properties, and may by proper attention be matured for the table from January to April. The tree is abundantly productive. 133. Beurré Rance.--This is also called hardempont de printems, and is another of the fruits rear |