before the appointment of such committee, but before the election of the Speaker, which latter did not take place until the month of February. (See Journals, 1, 34, pp. 221 to 228, 231, 233, 444, 511; 1, 36, p. 83.)

Where the subject of a message is of a nature that it can properly be communicated to both houses of Parliament, it is expected that this communication should be made to both on the same day. But where a message was accompanied with an original declaration, signed by the party to which the message referred, its being sent to one house was not noticed by the other, because the declaration, being original, could not possibly be sent to both houses at the same time.-Manual, p. 179. So, too, in Congress, where they can be properly made, communications are expected to be made to both Houses on the same day, except where the communication may be in response to a call from one branch only. The parliamentary practice prevails, too, in regard to the communication of an original paper. (See Journal, 1, 35, p. 270.)

Where the President approves a bill, it is customary for him to notify the House in which it originated of the fact and the date of approval, which is entered on the Journal. A similar notification is also given in case a bill is allowed to become a law by his failure to return the same with objections. (See President of the United States.)

Message returning bill with objections.

(See Veto.)

HOW COMMUNICATED.

All messages from the President are in writing, and are sent to the House by his private secretary, or such other person as he may delegate, and, as in the case of messages from the Senate, are announced at the door by the Doorkeeper and handed to the Speaker.

A message from the President is communicated to the House by one of his secretaries, upon whose appearance, according to the practice, the pending business is temporarily suspended for the purpose of receiving it; and if the House is in Committee of the Whole the Speaker resumes the chair without the formality of a motion to rise, and immediately vacates it after the message is presented.

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HOW DISPOSED OF.

Messages received from the Senate and the President of the United States, giving notice of bills passed or approved, shall be entered, in the Journal and published in the Record of that day's proceedings.-Rule XLI.

Pursuant to Rule XXIV, clause 1, messages from the President and other executive communications received on the preceding day are laid before the House for reference to.committees immediately after the Journal, is read and approved. But where the message is of special importance or urgency it is customary for the Speaker to lay it before the House and cause it to be read and referred immediately after its presentation by the President's secretary.

Whenever taken up, messages from the President are always read at length, the House never, as in the case of other communications, dispensing with the reading; but documents accompanying the message are not usually read by the Clerk; and the message (but not the documents) is entered in full' in the Journal.

The reading of a message from the President, when laid before the House, may be demanded as a matter of right, but not the reading of documents, accompanying the message.Journal, 2, 53, p. 41.

Messages announcing the approval by the President of bills of the House are not laid before the House, but are pursuant to Rule XLI entered in the Journal of the proceedings of the day on which they are received.

In regard to printing messages and documents, see Printing, Public.

MESSAGES FROM THE SENATE.

When a message shall be sent from the Senate to the House of Representatives, it shall be announced at the door of the House by the Doorkeeper, and shall be respectfully communicated to the Chair by the person by whom it may be sent.— Joint Rule II, November 13, 1794.

Messages shall be sent by such persons as a sense of propriety in each House may determine to be proper.-Joint Rule IV, November 13, 1794. In the House, they are now uniformly sent by its Clerk; in the Senate, by its Secretary.

If the House be in committee when a messenger attends, the Speaker takes the chair to receive the message, and then quits it to return into committee, without any question or interruption.-Manual, p. 123.

The reception of a message from the Senate or from the President is not the transaction of business.-Congressional Record, 1, 49, p. 7243. It is the practice to suspend the pending business of the House to receive such messages whenever presented.

If messengers commit an error in delivering their message they may be admitted or called in to correct their message.— Manual, p. 137; Journal, 1, 2, pp. 171, 172.

Messages from the Senate received on a previous day, including bills and resolutions of the Senate and amendments of the Senate to House bills, are laid before the House for reference after the reading and approval of the Journal, pursuant to Rule XXIV, clause 1.

Messages from the Senate announcing the approval by the President of Senate bills or joint resolutions are not laid before the House, but are pursuant to Rule XLI entered on the Journal.

If the message is a request for the return of a bill, it is usual for the House to grant the request at once, without referring the subject to a committee.

MILEAGE.

By the seventeenth section of the act of July 28, 1866, it is provided that mileage at the rate of 20 cents per mile, to be estimated by the nearest route usually traveled in going to and returning from each regular session of Congress, shall be allowed to each Representative and Delegate, the accounts thereof to be certified by the Speaker.-Stat., vol. 14, p. 323.

By the joint resolution of December 28, 1857, it is provided that on the first day of the first session of each Congress, or as soon thereafter as he may be in attendance and apply, each Representative and Delegate shall receive his mileage as now provided by law; on the first day of any subsequent session he shall receive his mileage as now allowed by law. Stat. L., vol. 11, p. 367.

By the joint resolution of March 3, 1859, it is provided, in reference to any Member who may die after the commencement of the Congress to which he shall have been elected, that "in no case shall constructive mileage be computed or paid."-Stat. L., vol. 11, pp. 442, 443.

The foregoing laws were revived by the act of January 20, 1874, "repealing the increase of salaries of members of Congress and other officers."-Sess. Laws, 1, 43, p. 4.

In case a Member shall, without leave, in anticipation of and before the adjournment of Congress, withdraw from his seat and not return, he shall, in addition to the penalty heretofore provided in case of absence, forfeit a sum equal to his mileage for his return home.-R. S., sec. 41.

It shall be the duty of the Sergeant-at-Arms to keep the accounts of pay and mileage of Members and Delegates, and pay them as provided by law.-Rule IV, clause 1.

MILEAGE, COMMITTEE ON.

(See Committees.)

MILITARY ACADEMY.

Appropriations for the Military Academy are made in the "Military Academy appropriation bill," which is one of the general appropriation bills. This bill is reported by the Com mittee on Military Affairs.-See Rule XI, clause 12.

Three Members of the House shall be designated by the Speaker, at the session next preceding the time of the annual examination of cadets, to attend the said examination; and they shall report thereon within twenty days after the next meeting of Congress.-R. S., sec. 1327.

MILITARY AFFAIRS, COMMITTEE ON.

(See Committees.)

MILITIA, COMMITTEE ON THE.

(See Committees.)

MINES AND MINING, COMMITTEE ON.

(See Committees.)

MINORITY, VIEWS OF THE.

A minority can not make a report.

When a report is presented by a committee a minority may be permitted to present their views, which is usually allowed as a matter of course.

A minority can not originate or report a bill or other proposition, and when the committee in their report do not recommend any legislative proposition it is not in order to place on the Calendar a proposition recommended by a minority.-See Journals, 1, 24, p. 561; 1, 47, p. 1709; Congressional Globe, 2, 27, p. 248; 1, 31, p. 1345; Globe, 2, 41, p. 954.

A substitute or amendment recommended by a minority is not treated as pending until formally moved in the House.

The views of the minority are usually printed with the committee's report, but if not presented until after the report is printed they are published as a supplement to the report and designated Part II.

Upon private bills, under the present Rule XIII, clause 3, the minority is expressly authorized to present their views, which are usually printed with the committee's report.

All reports of committees on private bills, together with the views of the minority, shall be delivered to the Clerk for printing and reference to the proper calendar under the direction of the Speaker in accordance with the foregoing clause, and the titles or subjects thereof shall be entered on the Journal and printed in the Record.-Rule XIII, clause 2.

MODIFICATION.

Motions may be modified before the previous question is ordered and before a decision or amendment, but not afterward.-Journals, 1, 28, p. 811; 1, 31, p. 1397.

It has been held that it is not in order to modify a motion to suspend the rules after it has been seconded, as required by clause 2 of Rule XXVIII.

A member has the right to change or modify a proposition submitted by him at any time before the House has taken such action upon it as places it within the control of the House and