the State of the church, which is the dominion of the pope, whose chief city is Rome.

In the south east part of Europe lies the famous country of Greece, which contains the ancient provinces of Macedonia, Thessalia, Achaia, &c. with the towns of Thessalonica, Philippi, Athens, Corinth, &c. and the peninsula of Peloponnesus, now called Morea: But all these together with the more northern provinces of Transilvania, Walachia, Bulgaria, Romania, &c. are how almost entirely under the dominion of the Turk, whose chief city is Constantinople, situate at the mouth of the Euxine sea. All this is called Turkey in Europe. Thus have we gone through the northern and middle, and southern countries of Europe: But it may be proper to mention also some of the chief islands of this part of the world, as well as the mountains of Europe and its rivers.

Near to Italy, France and Spain, lie several islands in the Mediterranean sca; such as Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta, which belong to different princes.

On the east side of Greece is the Egean sea, or Archipelago, in which are many small islands, and Crete a large one: On the west side of Greece is the Galph of Venice, or the Adriatic sea, in which also there are several small islands, as Corfu, Cephalonia, Zant, &c.

Divers other isles there are which are included in Europe; as Isle of Man, of Anglesey, of Wight, Jersey, Guernsey, &c. which belong to England: The Hebrides on the west of Scotland, the Orcades, and Shetland Isles on the North: Some in the Baltic sea, which belong to Sweden and Denmark: The Azores or western islands in the Atlantic sea, which are under the king of Spain. And several others of less note.

Some of the most remarkable mountains in Europe are these, 1. The Alps between France and Italy. 2. The Apennine hills in Italy. 3. The Pyrenean hills between France and Spain. 4. The Carpathian mountains in the south of Poland. 5. The Peak in Derbyshire in England. 6. Plinlimmon in Wales, &c. Besides several volcanoes, or burning mountains, as Vesuvius and Stromboli in Naples, Mount Etna, now called MonGibel, in the island of Sicily, and Mount Hecla in the cold isle of Iceland.

The principal rivers of note in Europe are the Thames and the Severn in England; the Tay in Scotland; the Shannon in Ireland; Tagus in Portugal and Spain; the Po and Tiber in Italy; the Weisel or Vistula in Poland. In Germany the Elbe and the Oder, the Rhine and the Danube. In France the Seine and the Rhone. In Moscovy the Dou and the Volga.

The Danube and the Volga are the largest rivers in Europe, the Danube running through all Germany and Turkey into the Euxine or Black Sea; and the Volga, (which some writers attribute to Asia, because) though it runs through a great part of Moscovy, yet it empties itself into the Caspian Sea.

SECT. XIV.-Of Asia, and its several Countries and Kingdoms.

ASIA may be divided into these five parts, (viz.) Turkey, Persia, India, China, and Tartary.

The dominion of the Turks in Asia contains several countries in it, (viz.) Natolia, Palestine, Arabia, Georgia, &c.

1. Natolia, or Asia Minor, which is a Peninsula, between the Euxine sea and the Mediterranean, where lay he ancient countries of Galatia, Cappadocia, Pontus, Bythynia, Lyconia, Cilicia, Phrygia, Pamphylia, &c. through which the apostle Paul travelled and made many converts there. Here were the seven famous churches of Asia, to which the epistles were written in the second and third chapters of the Revelations, (viz.) Ephesus, Smyrna, Sardis, &c. Many of them are now called by different names: But Smyrna is one of the chief cities in the whole country. 2. Palestine, or the Holy Land, and all the adjacent countries of Syria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, &c. The chief towns in it now are Aleppo, Scanderoon, or Alexandretta, Bagdat or Babylon, Damascus, Jerusalem, &o. 3. Arabia, which anciently was divided into Arabia the Happy, Arabia the Desart, and Årabia the Stony, lying all between the Persian gulf, and the red sea: The chief towns of it are Mecca, Medina, &c. 4. Georgia and Turkomania, formerly called Armenia Major, are northern provinces belonging to the Turks, that lie between the Euxine and the Caspian sea.

Persia, a large empire, lies eastward from Turkey between the Caspian and Indian seas: Its capital city is Ispahan.

India is divided into two parts by the river Ganges. India, on this side the Ganges, contains the biggest part of the Empire of the Great Mogul, whose chief city is Agra. In a peninsula or large promontory in this part of India, are various settlements of the European nations, as at Fort St. George, Tranquebar, Goa, &c. Beyond the river Ganges lies another large Peninsula, which contains the countries of Pegu, Siam, Tunquim, Cochinchina, &c.

Eastward of all these lies the empire of China, a large and a polite nation, whose chief city is Pekin. These countries last named are called in general the East-Indies.

Great Tartary takes up all the northern part of Asia. That which borders upon Moscovy is often called Moscovy in Asia:

The whole is a savage, unpolished and unknown country as to the parts as well as the inhabitants of it; and how far it reaches to the north-east, no man in this part of the world can inform us.

There are multitudes of Islands which belong to Asia, the chief of which are Japan, Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, the Philippine Isles, the Maldivian Isles, &c. all these in the eastern Ocean, and Cyprus in the Mediterranean.

The most remarkable rivers are Tigris and Euphrates in Turkey, Ganges and Indus in India, whence the whole country took its first name. The chief mountains are Imaus, Caucasus, Ararat, which are but different parts of the long ridge of hills which runs through Asia from the west to the east, and is called by the ancient general name of Mount Taurus.

SECT. XV.-Of Africa and its Divisions.

AFRICA is the third quarter of the world: It may be divided into the following territories, Egypt, Barbary, Bildulgerid, Zaara, Nigritia, Guinea, Nubia, Abyssinia and Ethiopia.

Egypt lies to the north east and joins to Asia; the chief cities are Grand Cairo and Alexandria.

Barbary is a long country, it comprehends most part of the ancient Mauritania, or the country of the Moors; it lies along the coast of the Mediterranean sea: Its chief towns are Fez, Morocco, Mechaness, Sallee, Tangier, Ceuta, Algier, Tunis, Tripoli and Barca.

Bildulgerid, or the ancient Numidia, has its chief town Dara; it lies south and south-east of Barbary, unless it be reckoned a part of it.

Zaara comes next; it is a desart inland country, and much unknown. So is Nigritia, or the land of the Negroes, which lies to the South of Zaara; as Guinea is situated in the south of Nigritia. The Tooth or Ivory Coast, and the Quaque Coast, and the Gold Coast, are several divisions of Guinea well known to mariners.

Nubia lies southward of Egypt, as Abyssinia does to the south of Nubia, both near the coast of the Red sea.

Ethiopia has been given as a general name to all the countries that compose the south-east and south part of Africa, at least, all the maritime countries or coasts from Guinea, on the western side to Abyssinia, or Nubia on the east, and sometimes it includes Abyssinia also, which is called the lesser or inner Ethiopia.

In the most southern part of Ethiopia, are the inland kingdoms of Monomotapa, Monoemunga, &c. On the western coast, Congo, Loango, Angola; the eastern coast is Zanguebar and the Mozambique. The southermost coast is inhabited by the

Cafres and the Hottentots, near the Cape of Good Hope, who are famous for their stupidity, living in the most brutal and barbarous manuer, as though they had little of human nature in them beside the shape.

The chief Islands near Africa are the large Isle Madagascar, called the Isle of St. Lawrence, that lies toward the eastern sea; and on the west or north-west are the small Islands of Cape Verd, the Canary Islands, and the Madeiras in the Atlantic sea, with others of lesser note in the Ethiopic sea.

The most famous rivers in Africa are the Nile and the Niger. The Nile runs through all the eastern part of the country, and empties itself into the Mediterrenean sea by many mouths at the land of Egypt. The river Senegal, anciently called Niger, runs through Negroland, into the Atlantic ocean. The most remarkable mountains are these, (1.) Mount Atlas, or the Atlantic hills in the west of Barbary, which were supposed by the ancients to be the highest in the world; whence came the fable of Atlas a giant bearing the heavens upon his shoulders. (2.) The Mountains of the Moon, which lie much more southward to Monomotapa: And (3.) The exceeding high hill of Teneriff, which is among the Canary islands.

SECT. XVI.-Of America and its Divisions.

AMERICA is the fourth and last quarter of the world, it is divided into the northern and southern parts by an isthmus or neck of land at Darien or Panama.

Northern America includes Canada, the English Empire, Old Mexico, New Mexico, Florida, and the Northern Land.

The Northern Land contains some Islands and settlements of European nations. In Hudson's-Bay and other coasts of Groenland, Greenland, near to the arctic circle, but few of them are much known, frequented or inhabited. As for the north-west part of North America, it is utterly unknown whether it be Island or Continent, whether it may not reach thousands of miles farther and be joined to the north-east part of Great Tartary.

Canada, or New France, lies on the north-cast side of the river of St. Lawrence, its chief town is Quebec.

The English Empire in America lies along the eastern coast from about thirty to almost fifty degrees of north latitude.

New England is the chief province, of which Boston is the principal town or city. North of New England lies Acadia, sometimes called New Scotland. Its chief town was Port Royal, which hath changed its name to Annapolis. Southward of New England lie New York, New Jersey, Pensylvania and Maryland, Virginia and Carolina. On the west and north-west side of these

plantations lie large tracts of land with many great lakes in it, where various nations of savages inhabit.

Florida comes next in course to be mentioned, it borders east or north-eastward on Carolina, and westward it reaches to the river Missisippi and beyond it. It is bounded by the sea on the south, but there have been no very great or remarkable towns or settlements formed there by the Spaniards, who found and named it.

New Mexico, or New Granada, lies west of Florida, possessed also by the Spaniards; its chief town is St. Fe, upon the river Nort.

Mexico, or New Spain, lies more south, it is a large and rich country, long and uneven, stretching from north-west to south-east; and contains many provinces in it belonging to the Spaniards, who have destroyed millions of the natives there. It has several towns, of which the chief has the name of Mexico given it. Florida and Mexico together make a large bay, which is called the Gulf of Florida, or the Gulf of Mexico. This country reaches down to the small neck of laud whereby South America is joined to it. On this neck of land are Panama on the south side, and Porto-Bello on the north.

The southern part of America is something like a large triangle lying in the vast southern ocean, and almost encompassed by it. On the western side this ocean is called the Pacific Sea, because seldom vexed with storms.

This southern part of America comprehends many great countries, viz. Terra Firma, Peru, Amazonia, Guinea, Brasil, Chili, Paraguay, Terra Magellanica, &c. The inland parts are very much unknown, but the greatest part of the coasts are possessed by the inhabitants derived from Spain and Portugal, who have made various settlements there.

The chief islands of America in the north are Newfoundland, which is a triangle near Acadia; then Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica. The lesser isles are called Lucayes, or Bahama islands, south-east of Florida; and the Caribbee islands eastward of Hispaniola. On the west side of North America, lies a very large and long island, called California, with many little ones near it.

The chief island in south America is Terra del Fuego, which lies near the main land, and thus makes the straits of Magellan. There are many others of less extent and note, both on the coast, and in the vast south-sea. The most noted rivers of north America are the great rivers of St. Lawrence, or Canada, that divides New England from New France; and the river Missisippi where the French have made large settlements.

In South America the two great rivers are the Amazon with all its branches, and Rio de la Plata, or the river of Plate.