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those parts which contain the greatest part of Africa and of South America.

The two frigid or cold sones are those spaces which are included within the two polar circles, with the pole in the centre, at great distance from the sun, scarcely habitable by reason of the cold. There lies Greenland and Lapland toward the north pole. The south pole and polar regions are undiscovered

The two temperate zones are those spaces that lie on either side of the globe between the tropics and the polar circles, where the sun gives a moderate heat, and makes those parts most convenient for the habitation of men. All Europe, and the greatest part of Asia, and North America, lie in the north temperate zone. Note, That the torrid zone lying between the two tropies, every place in it has the suu in the zenith, or exactly over their heads once or twice in every year.

Those who live under the tropic of cancer have their winter when the sun is in capricorn. Those who live under the tropic of capricorn have their winter when the sun is in cancer. Those who live under the equator have (as I said before) two winters in the year; though indeed there is scarce any season can be called winter within the limits of the torrid zone.

Those who live just within the borders of the two frigid zones, lose the sun for twenty-four hours together at midwinter when the sun is in the contrary tropic: And those places that are nearer and nearer to the poles lose the sun for two, three, four, five, six days, for whole weeks or months together at their winter, or when the sun is near the contrary tropic. What is said concerning the loss of light a whole day or week or month at winter in either of the frozen zones, must be also said concerning the gaining a whole day or week or month of day-light at their summer; and those parts of the year are all darkness in the northern frigid zone, which are all day-light in the southern.

Thus as you go farther northward or southward the continuance of the sun above the horizon grows longer in their summer; and the utter absence of it below the horizon grows longer in their winter; till you come to those inhabitants (if any such there be) who live under the pole, for these have half the year night, and half the year day, as I said before concerning the parallel sphere.

In the two temperate zones (as also in the torrid zone) there are never quite 24 hours either of day or of night together; but when the sun is in the equator, all days and nights are equal: Afterwards their days gradually increase till their longest day in summer, and gradually decrease till their shortest day in winter: Though those who live on the borders of the polar circles or the frigid zones have their 22nd of June or longest day in summer near 24 hours; and their 22d of December or shortest day in

winter, but just allows the sun to peep a moment above the hori zon, so that their night is very near 24 hours long.

Thirdly, The inhabitants of the earth may also be divided into three sorts in respect of their geographical relation to one another, and they are called the periaci, the antaci and antipodes.

I. The periaci live under the same parallel of latitude on the same side of the globe, but differ in longitude from east to west 180 degrees, or just half the globe. These have their summer and winter at the same times with one another, but day and night just at contrary times. Note, Those who live under the poles have no periæci.

II. The antoci live under the same meridian or line of longitude, and have the same degree of latitude too, but on contrary sides of the equator, one to the north, the other to the south. These have day and night exactly at the same time, but summer and winter contrary to each other. Note, Those who live under the equator have no antaci

III. The antipodes have (if I may so express it) the properties of the antæci and periaci joined together, for they live on contrary sides of the equator, though in the same latitude or distance from it; and their meridian or line of longitude is 180 degrees or half the globe different. A line passing through the centre of the earth from the feet of the one would reach the feet of the other. They dwell at the full distance of half the globe, and have day and night, summer and winter at contrary times.

In each of the three last figures, viz. VIII, IX, and x. you may see these distinctions of the earth's inhabitants exactly represented. A are periaci, so are c V. But cor A V are antaci. V, or a c, or N s, or H R, or E Q, are all antipodes to each other. The amphisci, heterosci, and ascii, which are only Greek names invented to tell how the sun casts the shadows of the several inhabitants of the world, are not worth our present notice.

SECT. X.-The Natural Description of the Earth and Waters on the Terrestial Globe.

THE earth may be divided into its natural or its political parts. The one distinction is made by the God of nature who created it: The other by men who inhabit it. The globe or surface of earth on which we dwell is made up naturally of two parts, land and water; and therefore it is called the terraqueous globe. Each of these elements have their various parts and subdivisions, which are as variously described on artificial globes or maps. The land is called either an island, a continent, a peninsula,

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an isthmus, a promontory, or a coast. See the plain description of all these, figure XIII.

An island is a country or portion of land, compassed about with sea or other water, as Great Britain, Ireland in the British seas: Sicily, Crete, Cyprus, &c. in the Mediterranean Sea; the Isles of Wight, of Anglesey, of Man near England: There are also islands in rivers.

A continent, properly so called, is a large quantity of land in which many great countries are joined together, and not separated from each other by the sea, such are Europe, Asia, Africa. This is sometimes called the main-land.

A peninsula is a part of land almost encompassed with water, or which is almost an island: Such is the Morea which joins to Greece, such is Denmark as joining to Germany, and Taurica Chersonesus joining to Little Tartary near Muscovy; and indeed Africa is but a large peninsula joining to Asia.

An isthmus is a narrow neck of land between two seas, joining a peninsula to the continent, as the isthmus of Darien or Panama which joins North and South America: The isthmus of Corinth which joins the Morea to Greece: The isthmus of Sues which joins Africa to Asia.

A promontory is a hill or point of land stretching out into the sea. It is often called a cape, such is the Cape of Good Hope in the south of Africa; the Land's End, and the Lizard Point are two capes at the west of England; Cape Finisterre on the West of Spain, &c.

A coast or shore is all that land that borders upon the sea, whether it be in islands or continents: Whence it comes to pass that sailing near the shore is called coasting. That part of the land which is far distant from the sea is called the inland country. These are the divisions of the land.

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The water is divided into rivers or seas.

A river is a stream of water which has usually its beginning from a small spring or fountain whence its flows continually without intermission, and empties itself into some sea. But the word sea implies a larger quantity of water, and is distinguished into lakes, gulfs, bays, creeks, straits, or the ocean.

The ocean or the main-sea is a vast spreading collection of water, which is not divided or separated by lands running between. Such is the Atlantic or Western Ocean between Europe and America: The Eastern or the Indian Ocean in the East-Indies : The Pacific Ocean or South Sea, on the West Side of America, &c. Note, The various parts of this ocean or main-sea that border upon the land are called by the names of the lands which lie next to it: So the British Sea, the Irish Sea, the Ethiopean Sea, the French and Spanish Seas.

A lake is a large place of water inclosed all round with land,

SECT. XI.-Of Maps and Sea Charts.

THOUGH nothing can represent the heavens or the earth in their natural appearances so exactly as a globe, yet the two hemispheres either of the heavens or of the earth may be represented upon a flat or plain surface, which are generally called projections of the sphere.

If you suppose a globe to be cut in halves just at the equator, and each hemisphere represented on a plane, it is called a "projection of the globe upon the plane of the equator. Then the equinoctial line will be the circumference, and the two poles of the world will be the centres of those two projections, and all the meridian lines will be so many strait lines or semidiameters meeting in the centre. This is the most common method of representing the celestial globe and the stars.

If the globe be cut asunder at the horizon of any particular place and thus represented on a plane, it is called the "projection on the plane of the horizon." Then the zenith and nadir will be the centres of those projections, and the horizon is the circumference. The two poles will be placed at such a distance from the circumference as the pole of the world is elevated above the horizon of that place; and the meridian will be represented as curve lines meeting in the pole point, excepting only that meridian that passes through the zenith which is always a right line. This is a more uncommon projection of the sphere, though it is much used in dialling.

The most usual way of describing the earthly globe on a plane, or a map, is to suppose the globe cut in halves about the first meridian at the island of Ferro or Teneriff. This is a "projection on the plane of the meridian: then the first meridian will determine the circumferences: The pole points will stand in the upper and lower parts of that circle and the other meridians will be curve lines meeting in the pole points, except that which passes through the centre to the projection, which is a right line.

Here the equator will be a strait line or diameter crossing all the meridians at right angles, and at equal distances from the two poles. Here the two tropics of cancer and capricorn are drawn at their proper distances of 23 degrees from the equator; and the two polar circles at the same distance from the poles.

In this projection the ecliptic is sometimes a strait line cutting the middle of the equater obliquely in each hemisphere, and ending where the two tropics meet the meridian: But sometimes the ecliptic is drawn as a curve line or an arch begiuning where the equator meets the meridian, and carried upward just to touch the tropic of cancer in one hemisphere, and downward to touch the tropic of capricorn in the other. It is in this form

the maps of the world are generally drawn in two large hemispheres.

Note here, That it is impossible to represent a spherical body exactly in its due proportion upon a plane; and therefore the artificial meridians or lines of longitude, parallels of latitude, &c. are placed at such different distances by certain rules of art, and the degrees marked on them are often unequal; but so drawn as may most commodiously represent the situation of the several parts of the earth with regard to one another.

The meridian or circumference of these circles is divided into four quarters, and each marked with 90 degrees beginning from the equator and procceding toward the poles. These figures or numbers shew the latitude of every place in the earth, or its distance from the equator, and at every 10 degrees there is a parallel of latitude drawn on purpose to guide and direct the eye in seeking the latitude of any place.

The equator of each hemisphere is divided into 180 parts, which makes 360 in the whole : And the several meridians or lines of longitude, cutting the equator at every 10 degrees, guide and direct the eye to find the longitude of any place required.

As the equator, the several lines of longitude, of latitude, &c. cannot be represented on a plane exactly as they are on a globe; so neither can the several parts of the world, kingdoms, provinces, islands, and seas be represented in a map exactly in the same proportion as they stand on a globe. But as the divisions of degrees in a map are bigger or less, so the parts of the land and sea are represented there bigger or less in a most exact proportion to those lines of longitude and latitude among which they are placed.

Therefore though the length or breadth, or distance of places on a map of the world cannot be measured by a pair of compasses as they may be on a globe, yet you may count the number of degrees to which such lengths, breadths or distances correspond, and thereby you may compute their real dimensions; though not always so well as on a globe; of which hereafter. Thus much shall suffice concerning maps that represent the whole world, or the globe of earth and water. Let us next consider those maps which represent particular parts of the world, kingdoms or provinces, these are generally drawn in a large square, and are to be considered as parts of a projection on the plane of the meridian.

From the top to or toward the bottom of the square are drawn meridians or lines of longitude; and the number of degrees of longitude are divided and marked on the upper and undermost line of the square. From side to side are drawn parallels of latitude, and the degrees of latitude are marked on the two

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