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as generally, as Catholics-Examples in Germany, England, Ireland,

Scotland, France, Sweden, America, and Holland-Persecution

advocated or practised by Luther, Calvin, Beza, Jurieu, Knox,

Cranmer, Ridley, Melanchthon, etc.-Socinus and Zuinglius tole-

rant-Castellio, his Life and Writings-Answered by Calvin and

Beza-Persecution by Protestants peculiarly inexcusable-Compara-

tive liberality of Erasmus, Hôpital, and More-Position assigned

by Bossuet to Socinians and Anabaptists-Persecution a positive

Dogma among Protestants-Toleration favoured by the Mingling of

Religions produced by the Reformation-And by the Marriage of

the Clergy-And by the greater flexibility of Protestantism-Proof

of this is in a comparison of Tolerance in France and England—

French Tolerance based on three forms of Scepticism-Montaigne,

the Sceptical Man of the World-Descartes, the Sceptical Philo-

sopher-Bayle, the Sceptical Scholar-The Compelle intrare '—

Political circumstances favourable to Toleration-Comparison of

the Regency and the Restoration-Influence of Vice on Historic

Developement-Voltaire-Intolerance of Rousseau-Revolution re-

moves all Civil Disabilities from Jews and Protestants-Catholicism

incapable of adopting Religious Liberty-Bull of Gregory XVI.—

In Protestant Countries, Tolerance the result and measure of the

advance of Rationalism-Writings of the great Divines of the

seventeenth century lead to it-First Movement during the Rebel-

lion-Policy of Cromwell-Contrast between the Independents and

Presbyterians-Harrington-Milton-Jeremy Taylor-Repeal of the

writ' De Hæretico comburendo '-Intolerance of Hobbes-Attitude

of the Clergy during the Revolution-Toleration Act-Abrogation

of the Censorship-Establishment of the Scottish Kirk-Complete

Tolerance of Protestantism-Review of the influence of Rationalism

on the Method of Enquiry

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The Secularisation of Politics consists of two parts: the elimination of
Theological Interests from the Motives of Policy, and the substitu-
tion of a Secular for a Theological Principle as the Basis of Autho-
rity-Religion and Patriotism the chief Moral Principles of Society
-The Last the Moral Principle of Antiquity-Type of Character it
formed-Patriotism the Moral Principle of Judaism-Corresponds
to the Spirit of Sect in Religion-Christianity in the Roman Em-
pire triumphed on the condition of transforming itself under the
influence of the Spirit of Sect-Complete ascendency of Theology-

The Crusades-The Church replaced the Civil Government when
the latter proved inefficient-The Truce of God-Contest between
the Regal and Ecclesiastical Power-A Comparison of the Crusades
and the Religious Wars shows the declining influence of Theology—
Alliances of Francis I. and Richelieu-Close of Religious Wars-
The Inquisition separates Religious Questions from Politics-Sketch
of its Constitution and Progress-The Doctrine of the Incapacity of
the Magistrate to decide Religious Questions, which is the Basis of
Modern Tolerance, first advocated in favour of the Inquisition-Col-
lisions with the Civil Power-Difficulty of defining Ecclesiastical
Offences-Unpopularity attaching to the Inquisition-Decline of
Persecution-Suppression of Heretical Books still continued-Its
prevalence in the Early Church-Reuchlin-System of Religious
Disabilities next abolished-Change in France effected in 1830–
That in England accelerated by Irish Policy-The Irish Parliament
-The Clergy disappear from Offices of Power-Review of the
steps of Secularisation-Decline of the Temporal Power of the
Pope-Political Life acts powerfully on the Theological Habits-It
diminishes the sense of the Importance of Theology-It leads to a
neglect of General Principles-Difference between the Political and
Philosophical Standing Point-Injurious effects now resulting from
the ascendency of Political Modes of Thought-Important influence
of Political Life in promoting a True Method of Enquiry-Three
phases of the Conflict between the Sectarian and the Judicial Spirit
in Politics-The Secularisation of the Basis of Authority-Passive
Obedience-According to the Fathers all Rebellion sinful-Con-
sidering the Anarchy and Worship of Force that was then general,
this Teaching was favourable to Liberty-The Election of Bishops
by Universal Suffrage-Conflict between the Pope and Kings
favourable to Liberty-Power of Deposition-Moral Authority
necessarily with the Pope-Public Penance-Power of Dispensation
-Scholasticism favourable to liberty-St. Thomas Aquinas-
Doctrine of the Mediate Character of the Divine Right of Kings-
The Reformation produces a Variety of Interests, and therefore of
Political Opinions-The Papal Party insists on the Right of De-
position-Works of Bellarmine and Suarez burnt at Paris-The
Jesuits proclaim the Social Contract-Suarez de Fide-Mariana
de Rege-Tyrannicide fascinates an Early Civilisation-Its Import-
ance in the History of Liberal Opinions-First maintained unequi-
vocally by Jean Petit-Advocated by Grévin, Toletus, Sa, Molina,
Ayala, and Kellerus-Murder of Henry III. eulogised in the League
and by the Pope-Political Assassination approved among Protest-
ants-But the Jesuits were its Special Advocates-Great Services
of the Jesuits to Liberalism-Gallican Church represented Despotic

Interests-Reasons of this-Circumstances that made Patriotism in
France antagonistic to Liberty-Slight Fluctuation produced by the
Attitude of the Protestants in 1615-Resolutions of 1665 and 1682
-Bossuet-Protestantism being a Rebellion was favourable to
Democracy-The two compensatory parts of Primitive Church
Government revived but dissevered-Different Political Tendencies
of Episcopalianism and Presbyterianism-Different Political Ten-
dencies resulting from the Relative Positions assigned to the Old
and New Testaments-Opinions of Huss and Wycliffe and of the
Leaders of the Reformation-The Scotch lead the van of Protestant
Liberalism-Knox-Buchanan-The Scotch Deputation to Eliza-
beth-English Dissenters assimilated with the Scotch-Debt Eng-
land owes to the Non-Episcopal Churches-Extreme servility of
Anglicanism-The Homilies-Taylor-Anglicanism supported every
Reaction-Exceptional Position of Hooker-Two Schools of Des-
potism in England-Barclay, Filmer, Hobbes-Sidney, Locke-
Parallel between the History of Religious and of Political Liberty
in England-Greatest English Freethinkers inimical to Liberty—
Hobbes, Bolingbroke, Hume-Difference between the Growth of
English and French Liberty analogous to that between English and
French Tolerance-French Protestants-Circumstances that dimi-
nished their Influence-Sectarianism incompatible with Patriotism
-Two currents of Opinion among the French Protestants-The
Liberal Opinion dominated-The 'Franco-Gallia' of Hotman-The
'Vindicia contra Tyrannos '-Montaigne notices the Subordination of
Opinions to Interests in France-Revival of Classical Writings
acted on Liberty-In the first place, by the renewed Study of
Roman Law-Opinions of Bodin, Gronovius, Noodt, etc.-Phases
of Jurisprudence-Principal effect of the Classics in altering the
Type of Heroism-Different Types resulting from the Sense of
Dignity and the Sense of Sin-La Boétie-Circumstances that
prepared the Democracy of the Eighteenth Century: First, the
Increase of Capital; Second, the Increase of Knowledge-Servi-
tude and Superstition the necessary lot of all great bodies of men
before Printing-Third, Change in the Relative Position of the
Cavalry and Infantry in War-The English Archers-Rise of the
Flemish Infantry-The Italian Condottieri-The Invention of Gun-
powder and of the Bayonet-Fourth, Influence of Political Economy
on Democracy-The French Revolution inevitable; Importance of
the Question into whose guidance it would fall-Reasons why
Catholicism was incompetent for the Task-Early Freethinkers not
favourable to Political Liberty-Opinions of Socinus, Montaigne,
Charron, and Bayle-Change in their Attitude in the Eighteenth
Century-Wide Influence of the Revolution-Rousseau-His Power

The Industrial System of Antiquity rested upon Slavery-Effects of this

Institution on National Character-Decline of Industry in Rome-

Comparison between Ancient and Modern Slavery-Atrocious

Excesses to which the Empire arrived-Christianity undertook the

Abolition of Slavery-First Movement in favour of the Slaves due

to Seneca and his followers-Invasion of Barbarians favourable to

Slaves-But Christianity the most efficient opponent of the evil-

Review of the Measures for abolishing Slavery-And for alleviat-

ing the condition of those who still continued enslaved-Anglo-

Saxon measures-Services of the Fathers and the Benedictines in

making Labour honourable-The Ferocity of Manners corrected by

the Creation of Charity-Long period that elapsed before the pre-

eminent services of Christianity were in this respect appreciated-

Great Developement of Self-sacrifice-Deficiency of the Industrial

Theory of the Church-Long continuance of Serfdom-Emancipa-

tion of the Towns begins Modern Industrial History-Effects of the

Crusades on Industry-The System of Corporations politically useful

though economically bad-Points of Contact of Industrial and

Theological Enterprises-First ground of collision was Usury-The

Principles that regulate Interest altogether unknown to the Ancients

-Position of Money-lenders in Greece and Gaul-And in the

Roman Empire-The Early and Medieval Church condemned all

Interest-On the twofold ground of the Law of Nature and of

Authority-Money-lending first monopolised by Jews-Rise of the

Industrial Republics of Italy, makes it popular among Christians-

Council of the Lateran-Reformation shakes the Old Superstition-

Saumaise-Change in the meaning of the word Usury in the Six-

teenth Century-Casuistry of the Jesuits-Decree of Benedict

XIV.-Laws upon Usury based on Theological grounds, disappear-

The Economical Question discusssed by Locke, Adam Smith, Hume,

Turgot, and Bentham-The Russian Raskol the last Representative of

the Ancient Doctrine-Importance of this Controversy in producing

an Antagonism between Industry and Theology-Commerce
produces a New Principle of Federation-Foundation of Consul-
ships-Organisation of Diplomacy-Commerce leads to Intercourse
with Men of different Religions, and therefore to Tolerance-First
class who benefited by this Tolerance, the Jews-Sketch of the
different Persecutions of which they were the Object-Their Ser-
vices to Literature-And to Commerce-Tolerated at Leghorn,
Venice, Pisa, and Genoa-Industrial Habits of Thought make Men
estimate lowly the Influence of Dogma-Injury Persecution has
done to Industry-Spain, France, Bruges, and Amsterdam-Decline
of the Ideal of Poverty produced by the Industrial Civilisation—
Luxury of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries-Sumptuary
Laws-Influence of the Black Death-Economical effects of Luxury
-It is substituted for Monasticism as a Check upon Population-Its
Influence on Intellectual Developement-Decadence of Monastic
Spirit-Alliance of the Clergy with the Aristocracy-Increase of
Commerce-The Navigation Laws-First Mercantile Societies in
England-Wealth of Belgium-Rapid growth of Diplomacy—The
Hanseatic League represses Piracy-The Venetians found Political
Economy, and the Medici give an Intellectual Ascendency to In-
dustry-Manner in which all this combined with the Revival of
Classic Learning-And with the Influence of Moorish Civilisation—
Change of Tastes resulting from increased Wealth revives the
Theatre-Importance of this Amusement as an Intellectual In-
fluence-And as an Index of the Condition of Civilisation-Its great
Corruption in Pagan Rome-Denounced by the Fathers-The Last
Refuge of Paganism-Not encouraged by Julian-Disappeared with
the Dissolution of the Roman Civilisation-New Types of Amuse-
ment-The 'Histriones' of St. Thomas Aquinas-Rise of the
Religious Plays-Hroswitha-The Religious Plays pass from the
Churches to the Theatres-Their Immorality-Position assigned to
Satan-Effect in bringing the Church into Contempt-Faint Signs
of Secular Plays-Impromptus-Pantomimes, etc.-The Farces—
The higher Drama reappears in Italy-First Plays-Examples of its
encouragement by Ecclesiastics-Contrast between the Italian and
French Drama in their Relation to the Church-The Secularisation
of Music, its successive stages-Influence of Gothic Architecture
upon the Stage-The Religious Struggle produces a Revulsion in
the Sentiments with which the Theatre was regarded-Fierce
Opposition in France-Sacraments denied to Actors-Molière,
Racine, Lully, Huerne de la Mothe-Advance of Theatre in France,
Spain, and Italy-Voltaire-The Revolution removes Disqualifica-
tions from Actors-Triumph of the Theatre at Rome-Important
effects of this Contest-The Creation of the Theatre the last Service
of the Industrial Civilisation of Italy-The Reformation-Import-

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