as generally, as Catholics-Examples in Germany, England, Ireland,
Scotland, France, Sweden, America, and Holland-Persecution
advocated or practised by Luther, Calvin, Beza, Jurieu, Knox,
Cranmer, Ridley, Melanchthon, etc.-Socinus and Zuinglius tole-
rant-Castellio, his Life and Writings-Answered by Calvin and
Beza-Persecution by Protestants peculiarly inexcusable-Compara-
tive liberality of Erasmus, Hôpital, and More-Position assigned
by Bossuet to Socinians and Anabaptists-Persecution a positive
Dogma among Protestants-Toleration favoured by the Mingling of
Religions produced by the Reformation-And by the Marriage of
the Clergy-And by the greater flexibility of Protestantism-Proof
of this is in a comparison of Tolerance in France and England—
French Tolerance based on three forms of Scepticism-Montaigne,
the Sceptical Man of the World-Descartes, the Sceptical Philo-
sopher-Bayle, the Sceptical Scholar-The Compelle intrare '—
Political circumstances favourable to Toleration-Comparison of
the Regency and the Restoration-Influence of Vice on Historic
Developement-Voltaire-Intolerance of Rousseau-Revolution re-
moves all Civil Disabilities from Jews and Protestants-Catholicism
incapable of adopting Religious Liberty-Bull of Gregory XVI.—
In Protestant Countries, Tolerance the result and measure of the
advance of Rationalism-Writings of the great Divines of the
seventeenth century lead to it-First Movement during the Rebel-
lion-Policy of Cromwell-Contrast between the Independents and
Presbyterians-Harrington-Milton-Jeremy Taylor-Repeal of the
writ' De Hæretico comburendo '-Intolerance of Hobbes-Attitude
of the Clergy during the Revolution-Toleration Act-Abrogation
of the Censorship-Establishment of the Scottish Kirk-Complete
Tolerance of Protestantism-Review of the influence of Rationalism
on the Method of Enquiry
The Secularisation of Politics consists of two parts: the elimination of Theological Interests from the Motives of Policy, and the substitu- tion of a Secular for a Theological Principle as the Basis of Autho- rity-Religion and Patriotism the chief Moral Principles of Society -The Last the Moral Principle of Antiquity-Type of Character it formed-Patriotism the Moral Principle of Judaism-Corresponds to the Spirit of Sect in Religion-Christianity in the Roman Em- pire triumphed on the condition of transforming itself under the influence of the Spirit of Sect-Complete ascendency of Theology-
The Crusades-The Church replaced the Civil Government when the latter proved inefficient-The Truce of God-Contest between the Regal and Ecclesiastical Power-A Comparison of the Crusades and the Religious Wars shows the declining influence of Theology— Alliances of Francis I. and Richelieu-Close of Religious Wars- The Inquisition separates Religious Questions from Politics-Sketch of its Constitution and Progress-The Doctrine of the Incapacity of the Magistrate to decide Religious Questions, which is the Basis of Modern Tolerance, first advocated in favour of the Inquisition-Col- lisions with the Civil Power-Difficulty of defining Ecclesiastical Offences-Unpopularity attaching to the Inquisition-Decline of Persecution-Suppression of Heretical Books still continued-Its prevalence in the Early Church-Reuchlin-System of Religious Disabilities next abolished-Change in France effected in 1830– That in England accelerated by Irish Policy-The Irish Parliament -The Clergy disappear from Offices of Power-Review of the steps of Secularisation-Decline of the Temporal Power of the Pope-Political Life acts powerfully on the Theological Habits-It diminishes the sense of the Importance of Theology-It leads to a neglect of General Principles-Difference between the Political and Philosophical Standing Point-Injurious effects now resulting from the ascendency of Political Modes of Thought-Important influence of Political Life in promoting a True Method of Enquiry-Three phases of the Conflict between the Sectarian and the Judicial Spirit in Politics-The Secularisation of the Basis of Authority-Passive Obedience-According to the Fathers all Rebellion sinful-Con- sidering the Anarchy and Worship of Force that was then general, this Teaching was favourable to Liberty-The Election of Bishops by Universal Suffrage-Conflict between the Pope and Kings favourable to Liberty-Power of Deposition-Moral Authority necessarily with the Pope-Public Penance-Power of Dispensation -Scholasticism favourable to liberty-St. Thomas Aquinas- Doctrine of the Mediate Character of the Divine Right of Kings- The Reformation produces a Variety of Interests, and therefore of Political Opinions-The Papal Party insists on the Right of De- position-Works of Bellarmine and Suarez burnt at Paris-The Jesuits proclaim the Social Contract-Suarez de Fide-Mariana de Rege-Tyrannicide fascinates an Early Civilisation-Its Import- ance in the History of Liberal Opinions-First maintained unequi- vocally by Jean Petit-Advocated by Grévin, Toletus, Sa, Molina, Ayala, and Kellerus-Murder of Henry III. eulogised in the League and by the Pope-Political Assassination approved among Protest- ants-But the Jesuits were its Special Advocates-Great Services of the Jesuits to Liberalism-Gallican Church represented Despotic
Interests-Reasons of this-Circumstances that made Patriotism in France antagonistic to Liberty-Slight Fluctuation produced by the Attitude of the Protestants in 1615-Resolutions of 1665 and 1682 -Bossuet-Protestantism being a Rebellion was favourable to Democracy-The two compensatory parts of Primitive Church Government revived but dissevered-Different Political Tendencies of Episcopalianism and Presbyterianism-Different Political Ten- dencies resulting from the Relative Positions assigned to the Old and New Testaments-Opinions of Huss and Wycliffe and of the Leaders of the Reformation-The Scotch lead the van of Protestant Liberalism-Knox-Buchanan-The Scotch Deputation to Eliza- beth-English Dissenters assimilated with the Scotch-Debt Eng- land owes to the Non-Episcopal Churches-Extreme servility of Anglicanism-The Homilies-Taylor-Anglicanism supported every Reaction-Exceptional Position of Hooker-Two Schools of Des- potism in England-Barclay, Filmer, Hobbes-Sidney, Locke- Parallel between the History of Religious and of Political Liberty in England-Greatest English Freethinkers inimical to Liberty— Hobbes, Bolingbroke, Hume-Difference between the Growth of English and French Liberty analogous to that between English and French Tolerance-French Protestants-Circumstances that dimi- nished their Influence-Sectarianism incompatible with Patriotism -Two currents of Opinion among the French Protestants-The Liberal Opinion dominated-The 'Franco-Gallia' of Hotman-The 'Vindicia contra Tyrannos '-Montaigne notices the Subordination of Opinions to Interests in France-Revival of Classical Writings acted on Liberty-In the first place, by the renewed Study of Roman Law-Opinions of Bodin, Gronovius, Noodt, etc.-Phases of Jurisprudence-Principal effect of the Classics in altering the Type of Heroism-Different Types resulting from the Sense of Dignity and the Sense of Sin-La Boétie-Circumstances that prepared the Democracy of the Eighteenth Century: First, the Increase of Capital; Second, the Increase of Knowledge-Servi- tude and Superstition the necessary lot of all great bodies of men before Printing-Third, Change in the Relative Position of the Cavalry and Infantry in War-The English Archers-Rise of the Flemish Infantry-The Italian Condottieri-The Invention of Gun- powder and of the Bayonet-Fourth, Influence of Political Economy on Democracy-The French Revolution inevitable; Importance of the Question into whose guidance it would fall-Reasons why Catholicism was incompetent for the Task-Early Freethinkers not favourable to Political Liberty-Opinions of Socinus, Montaigne, Charron, and Bayle-Change in their Attitude in the Eighteenth Century-Wide Influence of the Revolution-Rousseau-His Power
an Antagonism between Industry and Theology-Commerce produces a New Principle of Federation-Foundation of Consul- ships-Organisation of Diplomacy-Commerce leads to Intercourse with Men of different Religions, and therefore to Tolerance-First class who benefited by this Tolerance, the Jews-Sketch of the different Persecutions of which they were the Object-Their Ser- vices to Literature-And to Commerce-Tolerated at Leghorn, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa-Industrial Habits of Thought make Men estimate lowly the Influence of Dogma-Injury Persecution has done to Industry-Spain, France, Bruges, and Amsterdam-Decline of the Ideal of Poverty produced by the Industrial Civilisation— Luxury of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries-Sumptuary Laws-Influence of the Black Death-Economical effects of Luxury -It is substituted for Monasticism as a Check upon Population-Its Influence on Intellectual Developement-Decadence of Monastic Spirit-Alliance of the Clergy with the Aristocracy-Increase of Commerce-The Navigation Laws-First Mercantile Societies in England-Wealth of Belgium-Rapid growth of Diplomacy—The Hanseatic League represses Piracy-The Venetians found Political Economy, and the Medici give an Intellectual Ascendency to In- dustry-Manner in which all this combined with the Revival of Classic Learning-And with the Influence of Moorish Civilisation— Change of Tastes resulting from increased Wealth revives the Theatre-Importance of this Amusement as an Intellectual In- fluence-And as an Index of the Condition of Civilisation-Its great Corruption in Pagan Rome-Denounced by the Fathers-The Last Refuge of Paganism-Not encouraged by Julian-Disappeared with the Dissolution of the Roman Civilisation-New Types of Amuse- ment-The 'Histriones' of St. Thomas Aquinas-Rise of the Religious Plays-Hroswitha-The Religious Plays pass from the Churches to the Theatres-Their Immorality-Position assigned to Satan-Effect in bringing the Church into Contempt-Faint Signs of Secular Plays-Impromptus-Pantomimes, etc.-The Farces— The higher Drama reappears in Italy-First Plays-Examples of its encouragement by Ecclesiastics-Contrast between the Italian and French Drama in their Relation to the Church-The Secularisation of Music, its successive stages-Influence of Gothic Architecture upon the Stage-The Religious Struggle produces a Revulsion in the Sentiments with which the Theatre was regarded-Fierce Opposition in France-Sacraments denied to Actors-Molière, Racine, Lully, Huerne de la Mothe-Advance of Theatre in France, Spain, and Italy-Voltaire-The Revolution removes Disqualifica- tions from Actors-Triumph of the Theatre at Rome-Important effects of this Contest-The Creation of the Theatre the last Service of the Industrial Civilisation of Italy-The Reformation-Import-
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