Elk, its mode of defending itself, 40.
Enara, Lake of, the Fisher Lapps of, 166.
description of the, 169.

Enderby Land, discovery of, 401.
English pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, 95.
Erebus, mount, eruption of, 403.

Eric the Red, his visit to Greenland, 382.

Ermine (Mustela erminea) beauty and importance
of the fur of the, 210.

those of the Hudson's Bay Territory, 316.
Esk, volcano, 146.

Esquimaux (see also Innuits), their wide extension,

290.

their own name of Innuit, 290.

character of the regions they inhabit, 290.
their physical character, habits, and man-

ners, 290, 291.

women, 291.

their dress and snow-huts, 291, 292.

their boat, the kayak or baidar, 293.

Fish river, Great, Back's discovery of, 355′.
Fisher Lapps, account of the, 166.

Fiskernasset, cod-fishery of, 388.

Fitzroy, Captain, his surveys of Patagonia and
Tierra del Fuego, 415.

Fjäll Lappars, or Mountain Lapps, account of the,
159.

Flatey, eider-ducks of, 81, 82.

Flat-fish, abundance of, on the coasts of Iceland, 87.
Floki, the Viking, his visit to Iceland, 90.
Flora of Spitzbergen, 136.

Flowers of the Arctic regions, 20.

of the island of St. Lawrence, 271.
of Taimurland, 226.

of Unalaschka, 269.

Fogs of the Arctic seas in summer, 54.

near the island of St. Lawrence, 270.

off Newfoundland, 380.

294.

295.

enmity between them and the Red Indians,

their chase of the reindeer, and bird-catching,

their whale and seal hunts, 295, 296.
their "keep kuttuk,” 296.

their bear and walrus hunts, 296, 298.

their dogs and dog-sledges, 299.

their games and sports, 300.

constitution of their society, 300.

their angekoks, or priests, 300, 301.

their moral character, self-reliance, and in-

telligence, 301, 302.

of Newfoundland, 376.
Forget-me-not found in Nova Zembla, 153.

sea, 393.

red (Vulpes fulvus), the, 211, 317.

value of the fur of the, 317.

Fox Islands, discovery of the, 201.

France, right of the people of, to fish on the banks
of Newfoundland, 379.

Franklin, Lieut. (afterwards Sir John), his first
Arctic voyage, 344.

his first land journey, 346.

his second land journey to the shores of the
Polar sea, 349.

loss of his first wife, 350.

his last voyage, 356.

searching expeditions sent for him, 356.

his fate and that of his companions, 362-364.
Franklin Island, discovery of, 403.
Fraser river, voyage of Mackenzie down the, 308.
Frederick II., King of Denmark, his expedition to
Greenland, 383.

Frederick IV., his foundation of the Finmark mis-
sion, 156.

Friedrich, the Saxon bishop, introduces Christiani-
ty into Iceland, 92.

Fritillaria Sarrana, used as food in Kamchatka, 258.
Frobisher, Martin, his endeavors to discover an
Arctic passage to India, 337.

discovery of relics of, 466.
his subsequent career, 337.
Froward, Cape, scenery of, 410.
Frozen sailor, 464.

Fruits of the Arctic regions, 24.
Fuego, Tierra del, climate of, 393.
origin of the name, 413.

429.

Captain Fitzroy's survey of, 415.
account of the Fuegians, 425.

degradation of the Fuegians, 425, 426.
their powers as mimics, 426.

their notions of trade, 427.

causes of their low state of civilization, 427.
their food, 428.

its voracity, 38,

found in Taimurland, 227.

those of North America, 316.

value and uses of the fur of the, 316.
Gnats, legions of, in the forests and swamps, 26.
Goda-foss, the, an Icelandic cascade, 78.
Gold diggings of Eastern Siberia, 208.
description of the gold-fields, 214.
Gomez, his voyages of discovery, 335.

their cannibalism, 430.

their language, 430.

Captain Fitzroy's three Fuegians, 430, 431.

missionary labors, 431.

Captain Gardiner, 431.

Fuel, kinds of, used in Iceland, 89.

Fur, account of the Russian Fur Company, and its
operations, 272.

account of the fur-trade of the Hudson's Bay
Company, 304 et seq.

trade in, at the fair of Obdorsk, 189.

of Siberia, 208.

importance of the trade in, 212.

of the Tchuktchi, 264.

G.

GABRIEL CHANNEL, williwaws of, 412.
Gadflies which attack the reindeer, 38.
Galictis vittata, the, of Patagonia, 418.
Gambling of the Cree Indians, 324.

Gardar, the northern pirate, his the first circum-
navigation of Iceland, 90.

Gardar's Holm; or Gadar's Island, Iceland so called,
90.

Gardiner, Captain, his mission to Fuegia, and mel-
ancholy end, 431.

Gawrilow, produce of the gold mine of, 218.

Geese, wild, of the Arctic regions, 19.

43.

-, snow, their migrations to and from the north,

of Iceland, 81.

"George Henry," the ship, 436.

George, St., climate of the island of, 270.

sea-lions and guillemots of, 271.

Georgia, South, discovery of, 393.

Germany, the elk or moose-deer of, in the time of
Cæsar, 39.

Geysir, the Great, description of the, 71.

Gheritz, Dirck, his discovery of the New Shetland
Islands, 392.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, takes possession of New-
foundland, 379.

Ginklofi, or children's disease, in the Westman
Islands, 118.

Gissur, his work on his voyages to the East, 94.
the Icelander, his learning and travels, 98.
Gjas, or chasms, in Iceland, 76, 77.
Glacier, the great, in the Gulf of Penas, 394.
Glaciers, enormous dimensions of the, of the polar
regions, 50.

proofs of a former milder climate in, 29.

enormous dimensions of the glaciers of, 50.
the, whale, 60.

, transparency of the water on the coast of, 59.
abundance of animal life in the seas of, 60.
walruses of the coasts of the north of, 64.

Kane's sledge journey along the coast of, 367.
unknown extent of, 382.

ancient Scandinavian colonists of, 382.
the name of, given to it, 382.
introduction of Christianity in, 382.
decline and fall of the country, 383.

subsequent explorations of, 383.

Hans Egede, the pastor, his voyage to, 384.

foundation of Godthaab in, 384.

arrival of Herrenhuth missionaries in, 384.

explorations of the coast of, 385.

present Danish settlements of, 386.

scanty population of, 386.

mode of life of the people of, 386, 387, 389.
fisheries of, 388.

-, poorness of the land in, 388.

quantities of drift-wood at, 388.

minerals of, 389.

Christianity in, 389.

climate, mountains, and fjords of, 389.
ice-caves of the coast of, 390.

moss, food for the deer of Spitzbergen, 137.
in the treeless zone, 21.

Idols of the Samoïedes, 180.
Igloolik, island of, 348.

Iligliuk, the Esquimaux, her intelligence and pas-
sion for music, 348.

Indians, Red, their enmity with the Esquimaux, 294.
their decimation by smallpox and drunken-
ness, 308.

efforts of the Hudson's Bay Company to civ-
ilize them, 312, 313.

the beaver skin their standard of exchange
with the Company, 313.

Inglefield, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359.

his discoveries, 365.

Ingolfr, the Norwegian yarl, his visit to Iceland,
and foundation of Reykjavik, 90.

Innuits, the, see also Esquimaux, 433, 467.

their character, 439, 461.

amusement of, 440.

their dwellings, 443, 457, 462.

distress in winter, 444.

seal, feasts of, 445.

mode of capturing seals, 446, 448, 452.
their dogs, 445, 450, 454.

their opinion of the bear, 451.
mode of hunting the walrus, 454.
their implements, 456.

mode of constructing an igloo, 457.
their use of the reindeer, 458.
their clothing, 460.
reindeer feasts, 459.

food and mode of eating, 460.
their religious ideas, 460.
treatment of the sick, 461.
gradual extinction, 462.
Insects of Taimurland, 227.
Irish colonists on the Westman Islands, 115.
Irkutsk, extreme cold of, 208.
Wrangell's visit to, 233.
summer flowers of, 233.
Iron mines near Drontheim, 124.
Isabella, Cape, discovery of, 365.
Ishemsk, Castrén's visit to, 174.

the Isprawnik of, and his wife, 174, 176.
Islands within the Arctic Circle, barren grounds of
the, 18.

Isleif, the oldest chronicler of the North, 98.
Issakow, of Kem, rounds the north-eastern extrem-
ity of Nova Zembla, 150.

Itälmenes, cruelty of their conquerors, the Rus-
sians, 198.

Ivan Wasiljewitsch I., first Czar of Russia, his de-
feat of the Tartars, 191.