There was probably no family life, the sexes mingling much as among lower animals generally. Early men lived in a tropical climate, and were without either clothes or fire. They had long arms, and short, weak legs. Their weapons were sticks and stones. They were able to overcome all except the larger animals by co-operation and the force of numbers. They probably used the trees a great deal as a refuge in time of danger. They may have had the beginnings of superstitution. 9. How the Different Races Arose.

It is not probable that original men were of various colors-some black and some white and some orange and some copper and some brown. It seems more likely that they were all alike, all one color, and that the different races have come about as a result of the different surroundings in which they have lived for so many thousands of years. There are reasons for believing that original men were dark in skin and hair, and rather animal-like in character and intelligence. The first men were very certainly not white. The animals most nearly related to man (the ones from whom he has probably developed, i. e., the manlike apes) are not white animals, but dark. The lower races of men are also prevailingly dark, not white, in skin and hair. The difference in color, size, character, and mental ability which exist today have been caused by differences in climate,

soil, food, activities, and natural surroundings to which they have been subjected.

10. Infant and Advanced Races.

Some races have made great changes in their appearance and surroundings and nature and powers of mind, and are today very different from those far-off Lemurians who dwelt so long ago in that cradle land of India. Other races have been more fixed. They have remained more nearly in the early condition. We call these latter savages. Savages are merely people who are in the infant stages of human development. They have never grown up. They are "child races."

Most of the brown race are still in this primitive condition of mankind. And a large part of the people of Africa are either in the savage stage or the stage of barbarism, which is intermediate between savagery and civilization. Some of the lowest Indian tribes were in the savage stage when first found by white peoples, but most of them were in the stage of barbarism. The race which has been most talented and enterprising and which has played the most distinguished role in the affairs of the world has been the white race. 11. Ages of Mankind.

Man's first tools were probably of wood or stone. It doesn't require a high order of ingenuity to turn a limb of a tree into a club or a stone into a missile, but it is more ingenuity than most

animals possess. Baboons will sometimes throw stones at their enemies, and an elephant will break off the branch of a tree and use it as a fly-brush. Wasps have been observed to use tiny pebbles as hammers in packing the dirt firmly into their burrows. But most sub-humans have no tools other than certain parts of their bodies which are adapted to certain uses.

Man's first inventions were not agricultural implements, but weapons. The greatest anxiety of original man was not how to get something to eat, but how to keep from being eaten. And so one of the very first things man did when he began to branch out in his career of world conquest was to arm himself.

The development of mankind has been divided into Ages or Stages, each Age representing a certain degree of advancement and culture. The Ages that I shall give you in this topic are not periods of time, but degrees of advancement. These Ages are often known as the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, so-called from the material which man used prevailingly for his weapons and tools.

But a more helpful subdivision is that into Savagery, Barbarism, and Civilization. The following nine stages given by Morgan in his "Ancient Society' are probably as good as any:

1. Lower Savagery, extending from the beginning of man to the invention of the art of firemaking and the acquisition of a fish diet.

During this stage the human species was small in numbers, and was restricted in habitat to a small area somewhere in the tropics. These children of nature were very rude. They were the first rough-drafts of men and women. But they had one thing that no other animals on the earth at that time had, and that was a simple, articulate language. They could talk to each other.

Some of the tribes of the interior of Borneo and the Malay peninsula are still in this lowest human stage. The Andaman Islanders use fire, but have no way of producing it. They still get their fire from nature-from fires caused by volcanoes, lightning, and the like-and carefully preserve it, borrowing from one another when they get out.

2. Middle Savagery, from the invention of the art of fire-making and the acquisition of a fish diet to the invention of the bow and arrow.

It was during this stage that mankind spread from its original habitat, somewhere in tropical Asia or Africa, over a large part of the earth. The ability to make fire artificially enabled men to leave the regions of perpetual warmth and spread to the colder parts of the earth. They could take their climate with them. The spear and the club were probably the only important inventions men had made when they began to scatter over the world, that is, the only ones besides fire-making; because these are the only inventions common to all the races of men.

The native Australians and the most of the

Polynesians were in this stage when discovered by the white race.

3. Upper Savagery, from the invention of the bow and arrow to the invention of the art of making pottery.

The invention of the bow and arrow was a very important one. It corresponds in importance to the invention of the sword during the period of Barbarism and of fire-arms during the period of Civilization.

Some of the lowest tribes of the American Indians were in the stage of Upper Savagery when first found by the white peoples. There were three stages of culture among the American Indians, namely, Upper Savagery, Lower Barbarism, and Middle Barbarism. The highest stage was represented by the Indians of Mexico, New Mexico and Peru, who lived in towns and cultivated the corn and potato plants.

4. Lower Barbarism, from the invention of pottery to the domestication of animals in the eastern hemisphere and the domestication of the corn plant in the western hemisphere.

The art of making pottery probably arose in connection with the art of cooking, and in its simplest beginnings consisted in merely coating wooden cooking vessels with clay to keep them from burning.

It is impossible for us to realize what hard conditions man has had to pass thru in climbing to