In the Pliocene age of geology Alaska was joined to Asia by a rather wide isthmus. It was over this isthmus of Behring that many of the North American animals first came into America from Asia. Animals like the buffalo and the mountain sheep did not originate in America. They came from Asia. And they came over the Behring bridge in the Pliocene age of the world. No bones of these animals are found in America previous to this time. The Indians also no doubt came into America from Asia by the same route, altho the Indians came much later than the buffalo.

Until comparatively recent times in geological history, the island of Great Britain was joined to, and formed a part of, the continent of Europe. The earliest inhabitants of Great Britain were Celts. They were called Britons by the AngloSaxons. Great Britain may not have become an island until some time after it was settled by human beings. The Celts may have walked dry-shod over what is now the North Sea into what was then a western peninsula of Continental Europe. That is, when England was first settled by human beings, it may have been a peninsula.

6. How Old is Man?

How long it has been since man originated as a new species of animal, no one knows. But it is known that it was a long time ago. Until fifty or one hundred years ago, it was generally supposed

that human beings had not existed on the earth more than five or six thousand years. But the more man is studied and the more the earth is rummaged, the further back into the past is the beginning of things known to be. It is known positively that there have been living beings on the earth for a good many millions of years. It is estimated that life has existed on the earth for fifty or one hundred million years; that is, that the animal kingdom is fifty or one hundred million years old. But during most of this time there were no human beings in the world. Man is a recent species. But it is believed that man has existed on the earth for as much as five hundred thousand years.

7. The Spread of Mankind.

The human species probably originated somewhere in the Indian region of southern Asia. And from this as a center it has spread pretty thoroughly over the land surfaces of the globe, not only over the continents but to most of the islands. One branch moved westward and formed the dark people of Africa. Another moved north and northwest and became the white or Caucasian race. Another moved north and east and developed into the yellow or orange race, that is, the Chinese, Japanese, etc. And a branch of the orange race probably moved on over from Asia, past the Behring Strait region, into what is now called America, forming a modification of the or

ange race, the copper or red race, the so-called American Indians. And another branch of the species moved eastward to the Malay peninsula, the East India Islands, Borneo, New Guinea, the islands of the South Pacific, on as far as the Hawaiian Islands, forming the brown or Malay race. This gives you a little idea of the scattering སྐ

out of the different races of men from the original human nest.

The Malays are an island race. They love the water and are at home in the water. They have been developed in connection with the water, and are largely water animals. You know there is one species of buffalo that is called the "water buffalo," because it loves the water. The Malays are water men.

The Hawaiian islands were not settled from

North America nor Asia, but by those brown searovers from the southwest. The nearest land to the Hawaiian islands is over 2,000 miles away. How the first human inhabitants of those remote dots ever found their way over the vast wavewastes they had to traverse before getting there no one will ever know. But probably they were refugees, carried out to sea by a storm, and, losing their way on the trackless plains, wandered on and on, until they happened to stumble upon those hitherto unknown volcano-tops. We know such things can happen, for a junk with survivors on board drifted ashore from the west at the Hawaiian islands in December, 1832.

8. The First Men.

Original men, that is, the first men who ever existed, probably lived in small, loose bands, each band being composed of from 20 to 50 or more individuals. These bands, in their organization and modes of life, were probably very much like the bands of other animals that are met with today in the forests and on the prairies. They were without fixed places of abode. They subsisted on the fruits, nuts, roots, young shoots, and birds' eggs which they came upon during their wanderings thru the forest. These bands of early men must have had only the bare beginnings of law and government. Each band was led by an old male as chief, who had won his position as leader by his exceptional strength and intelligence.