ram of experience and courage. These flocks were often pursued by wolves and other animals. The sheep escaped, not by hiding or fighting, but by flight. The life of the flock often depended on the skill and faithfulness with which the members of the flock copied their leader. And the practice sheep have of following and imitating their leader was acquired no doubt thru the necessity when pursued of leaping over the same chasms and rocks that their chief and those in front of them leaped over, whether they could see the reason for it or not. Those who did this survived in the struggle for life, and those who did not do it went down or were destroyed.

The copying instinct is, therefore, of great use to a species living as sheep lived in their wild existence, but of no use to them since they have become lowlanders. The instinct to follow the leader exists in all animals that live in flocks and herds. It is useful in the most of them.

At the Chicago "stock yards" they take advantage of this copying instinct of sheep by having a trained ram lead the sheep to the slaughter. The sheep have the nature to follow the ram, and when they arrive at the killing place, the ram steps aside and escapes, to lead another flock a little later. This is an instance where the leader-following instinct in sheep is of use to men but not to sheep. Hogs and cattle do not have this instinct; and they have to be prodded and whipped by men to get them to the killing place.

9. The School of Nature.

Young sheep and goats leap and gambol in their play. I have noticed young goats that were being led along the streets keep up an occasional jumping as they went along, leaping first one way then another, sometimes straight up into the air, as if they were worked by some unseen spring that went off suddenly inside of them. How strange such conduct must have seemed to the preDarwinians. But to the evolutionists it is as plain as day.

Play is nature's schooling. It is preparation for a life to come. Young animals, when they play, practice on what they are going to do later on in life. This is true of all animals, including the young of human beings. Lambs and kids run and leap in their play for the same reason that the young of men, dogs, and lions scuffle and fight and chase each other. Whenever there is any chance for it, lambs and kids choose a steep bank or other declivity as their play-place. A bank is a mimic mountain-side.

Lambs and kids are the children of mountaineers. Their natures were formed and fitted for a very different life from the one they now lead. They were educated for life among mountains. The leaping and running of their play originally was the very preparation they needed for the life they would lead when they were older. It developed strength of muscle so they could run fast and leap far, and also gave them the skill to light with

accuracy and to cling to the rocks without slipping. But their education is now out of date. Play in young goats and sheep, like play in human young, is a preparation for a life long left behind. The play of the children of man is preparation for a life of fighting, such as our savage ancestors led; and the play of the children of sheep and goats is preparation for life among mountains and enemies, such as their wild ancestors had. When goats play, they go to school. They take lessons in doing things that they are going to do later on in actual life. But the life conditions of domesticated goats are so different from those of their wild ancestors that their schooling is out of date. They will never use in actual life the lessons they learn in their young years. Goat education, like the education of many other animals, is behind the times.

10. A Child of the Sky.

Goats and sheep are mountaineers. Their ancestors lived in the sky-in those high, peaked places of the world to which they had been driven by the hungry mouths of the lowlands. Domestic goats are mostly lowlanders. And if you will watch them, you will see them doing many things they never would do in the world if they had not been descended from inhabitants of the crags. The tendency of the goat to climb up on lumber piles, haystacks, and the roofs of low buildings is a peculiarity which it brought with it down to the

plain lands from its original home among the pinnacles of the world. A haystack is a mountain peak, from which this child of the sky can view the world. It is a sentinel place.

The ability of the goat to subsist on almost anything it can pick up is also an accomplishment which it developed up there in those bleak and barren altitudes whither it had been driven by the pitiless mouths of the lowlands. It has been up in these deserts of the sky that goats have spent most of their racial existence and laid the foundations of their nervous and muscular systems, that is, there is where they were manufactured.

The goat doesn't eat newspapers and old rags for pastime. It digests them. Paper is made from wood, and rags from cotton fibre, which is chemically similar to wood. An important part of all woody fibre is a substance called cellulose. Cellulose is chemically the same as starch. It is also like starch in the fact that when it is digested it changes to sugar. We can digest cellulose in a test-tube by pouring sulphuric acid on it. Put sulphuric acid on a piece of newspaper and it will change to sugar. But we can't digest cellulose in our bodies, because we haven't the right chemicals in our digestive fluids. But the goat can. The goat has four stomachs. It is what is called a ruminant. It chews its cud. All of the cud-chewing animals have stomachs composed of four compartments. And they are able to include in their

menus many things that animals like man have to omit.

How tame the lowland earth must seem to souls born in the sky. How the children of the peaks, who are compelled to spend their lives on the plains, must long for their native crags. It is said that the king of Babylon built wonderful hanging gardens and artificial highlands to keep his Medean wife from becoming homesick for her native mountains.

How much of our heart-hunger is from the past! It survives from a life left behind. We are but images worked by wires stretching back thru the centuries that are gone. We are each little more than a series of spectres, one inside the others. The love of children for swinging and tree-climbing and robbing birds' nests, and the general craving of mankind for the wilds, are survivals of the old, wild, tree-dwelling life which we have so recently left. The cradle and the rocking-chair are artificial tree-tops. Human beings never would have invented these things, because they never would have had parts in their nature calling for their invention, if our far ancestors had not been tree-dwellers.

Can't you see what a wonderful key this idea of survivals is, and how it makes plain so many things that are not understood without it at all?

11. The Ways of Chickens.

The ancestor of the domestic chicken is the