pulled back into the foot and then extended. These movements are made by muscles which no doubt get uneasy and "tired" from long idleness, just as we get "tired" or uneasy on rainy days sometimes when we are kept indoors all day. When the cat scratches a tree it is exercising muscles which in its ancestors were used daily in hunting

and tree climbing, but which are, to some extent, vestigial in domesticated cats.

There is one difference between the psychology of the dog and that of the cat which may be mentioned here.

It is the nature of the dog to become attached to persons. When the family moves, the dog moves too. The dog's home is where his master is. The dog will follow a handful of rags wrapped around a beggar, day after day, thru heat and cold and starvation, as cheerfully as he will follow a king. The devotion of the dog to man is one of the divinest things in this world. And there

are few more affecting sights than that of a "lost" dog. The dog wants to belong to somebody.

The cat becomes attached to places more. Its affection and loyalty are lavished on localities. It has a strong homing instinct. And it has a sense which men do not have which guides it almost unerringly back to its home. Cats may be carried away for miles, and carried in such a way that they cannot see anything on the way to guide them in returning, but when they are released they will find their way back in the most surprising manner. Dogs will do this some, too. Cats are almost indifferent to persons, but they cling to their native haunts as they cling to life.

The homing instinct is still more highly developed in the homing pigeons. The homing pigeon has been carried a thousand miles away from home, but the sense of direction is so unerring in these birds and the longing for their home so strong that after a few circles on being released they will start on tireless wings for their native cote.

Wild animals do not rove about the world as they are generally supposed to do. They live for the most part in localities. They learn the ins and outs of a locality from their parents and associates, and are much safer in these familiar surroundings than they would be wandering into new and unknown regions. The homing instinct is useful to all animals that possess it naturally-to

ants and birds as well as to cats. It is not useful to a cat that comes into existence in a home that has cats for export.

The dog's ancestors were wanderers much more than the cat's were. And this is one reason for the cat's greater regard for locality. But the dog's great devotion to man comes from its long domestication, and from the fact that it has always been selected for its devotion and intelligence much more than the cat. The dog more than any other animal has been the companion of man, while the cat has been kept primarily to hunt mice and rats and other small animals that tend to invade human homes.

6. The Mother Instinct.

Infancy is the time of the greatest mortality in all animals, including man. It is the time when living beings are weakest, and least able to defend themselves against the many enemies that lie in wait for them. Hence, in many species of the higher animals, there has been developed, especially in the females, a strong inclination to care for and defend their young. Those species have survived that have had this instinct for child preservation most highly developed. No species can live long that does not save its young.

The domestic cow hides her new-born calf. This is useless in human pastures. But in the dangerfilled life of the past, where a hundred hungry mouths awaited every calf that came into the

world, this practice of the mother of retiring to some secret place when she gave birth to young was an exceedingly useful precaution.

Domestic fowls hide their nests for the same reason. And in those fowls like the turkey and the guinea-hen, which have been most recently domesticated, this instinct is much stronger than it is in the more anciently domesticated chickens. Some breeds of chickens don't seem to have much

"THE GOOSE COVERS
HER EGGS WHEN
SHE LEAVES HER
NEST"

of this instinct left. They lay their eggs openly, almost any place where a nest is provided, altho they may prefer to have the nest somewhat secluded. The goose takes the additional precaution of covering her eggs with grass and sticks when she leaves her nest to feed. How absurd it is for a goose to come off her nest right in plain sight, and go to work and cover up her eggs. But the wheels of her nature have gone round in this way so often in the wild life that they can't stop now. They continue to run on after all reasons for their movement have passed away. Sometimes a goose will show a weakening of this

instinct by not actually covering the eggs, but merely throwing a few straws or sticks over, or in the direction of, the eggs, and letting things go at that.

In the wild state the mother rabbit makes her nest out of hair which she pulls from her own body, and she will continue to do this when domesticated, even tho cotton or other nesting material is provided for her.

These mother instincts of the fowl and the cow are useful in a world where eggs and young are hunted, but in human fields and barnyards they are vestigial. They are often more than useless -they may be injurious. For, sometimes, the cow will hide her calf so that the owner can't find it at all, till after it has perished from cold and rain. Domesticated animals are in many ways still adapted to the wild world, and continue to act the same as they would act if they were still living the wild life which they have left. Animals that live in association with man are generally better off if they co-operate with man. But there are a good many instincts in their nature, surviving from their wild life, which cause them to act in opposition to man. As time goes by, these contrary instincts will grow weaker, and will finally pass away entirely. For man tends to select for breeding purposes those best suited to him.

Mother cows, horses, sheep, hogs, and other domestic animals always acquire a strangely fierce nature when young are born to them. They are