lichen growing plentifully in arctic and sub-arctic regions.

11. The Camel.

The camel is a desert animal. It lives in the vast wastes of northern Africa and central and western Asia. It is no longer found wild. It is the chief burden-bearer of the deserts of Africa and Asia.

There are two chief kinds of camels-the onehumped or Arabian camel, and the two-humped or Bactrian camel. The one-humped camel is often called the dromedary, and is used largely for riding. It is found in Northern Africa and Arabia. The two-humped camel is an Asiatic, ranging from the Black Sea eastward thru Siberia, Thibet, and China. There are, in fact, almost as many kinds of camels as there are of horses-some of them adapted to the burning sands of the tropics, others to the snows of Siberia. There is a breed of racing camels that is very fleet of foot.

The camel is a wonderful being. It is highly adapted to its desert world. No other living animal could take its place.

Its toes are padded to keep it from sinking into the sea of sand over which it moves. That is one adaptation.

It has four stomachs, one of which is modified into folds, or "bottles," for storing water. That is another adaptation.

The hump on its back is a store of fat-a sort of commissary department, or pantry, from which

it obtains its nourishment during its enforced fasts while on its marches across the burning plains. Many people believe that the camel's backbone is curved upward in the middle. This is not true. The backbone of the camel is straight, like that of the cow or horse. The "hump" is merely a store of fat which it carries on its back to give it sustenance when it can't get food to eat. This "hump" shrivels or enlarges according to

"THE CAMEL'S BACKBONE

IS STRAIGHT"

the scarcity or plentifulness of food. There are certain kinds of sheep that store their extra fat in their tails.

The camel has great endurance. It can amble over the yielding sands with 200 pounds on its back at a rate of 5 or 6 miles an hour for 15 hours out of the 24. It can keep this up for a week without water, and without anything to eat but thorns and cactuses and a ball of barley meal once a day. The camel can get along without eating and drinking because it carries its food on its back and its drink in one of its stomachs. The camel is not pretty, but very wonderful.

The camel is like the donkey, it never changes. It has been used from time immemorial, but is still only partially domesticated. It has the pe

culiar habit of expressing anger or disgust by "spitting" at its offender. The camel kneels to receive its load. And while the load is being put on its back, it does a good deal of groaning and complaining. If the load is too heavy, it will refuse to rise.

The llama is a South-American sheep-camel that is used as a pack animal to some extent. It exists only in the domesticated state.

The alpaca is a cousin of the llama. Its hair is made into the well-known alpaca of commerce. It was domesticated by the Indians. Alpaca cloth has been found in the tombs of the ancient Peruvians. The alpaca lives in herds in a half-wild state in the high Andes.

12. The Elephant.

There are two species of elephants-Elephas africanus of Africa and Elephas indicus of Asia.

The African elephant has never been domesticated, except by the ancient Carthaginians. It has large ears, tusks in both sexes, a convex forehead, and a fierce disposition.

Elephas indicus has long been domesticated. It has a concave forehead, moderate sized ears, and tusks in the male only.

The elephant has always been a favorite of captains and princes and other vain beings who desire to add to their own appearance the magnificence of this splendid colossus.

The elephant very seldom breeds in captivity,

and recruits must be obtained by fresh captures from the jungle. They are taken by the use of tame elephants. They are driven into stockades and fastened and kept there till hunger and fatigue overcome them.

The elephant is used in India to handle timbers. It uses its proboscis, or trunk, which is an exaggerated nose. The proboscis is a wonderfully adaptive organ. It can be used to handle sawlogs or to pick up a pin.

Elephants seldom lie down. They sleep standing up. Cases have been known where elephants have remained standing even after they were dead.

There is no animal domesticated by man that is in its natural disposition so well adapted for domestication as the elephant. It has taken thousands of years to make the dog what it is. But the elephant can be taken right out of the jungle and in a few months it will undergo all the changes necessary to make it an obedient, intelligent, and affectionate servant. Elephants are intelligent animals, with good memories and strong feelings of affection and revenge. They remember kindness and injuries a long time.

Elephants were formerly found in every continent, except Australia. The mammoth was the European elephant, and the mastodon lived in both North and South America. These animals disappeared from the earth about the time of the appearance of the human species.

The earliest elephants so far known lived in Egypt in the Eocene age of geology. They had no trunk, but a long, prehensile nose. Their tusks were short, like bear's tusks. They were about the size of ponies.

13. Domesticated Birds.

The scientific name for the common domesticated fowl, or chicken, is Gallus domesticus. The

"THE JUNGLE-FOWL"
(Male)

name means the "domesticated fowl." The chicken was first domesticated in the Indian region of Asia, where man first came to domesticating consciousness. Its ancestor is believed to be the jungle-fowl, still wild in the jungles of India.

The jungle-fowl is dark-red in color, roosts in low trees, and nests on the ground. The males are great fighters, and sing to the sunrise as their descendants do the world over today. The gamecock, with its reddish color, slim, wiry body, and fighting nature, resembles more closely the wild ancestral form than any other domesticated variety, that is, it is more nearly in the "savage" state than other varieties.