The mule is the offspring of the male donkey and the female horse. It has the voice of its father. It brays like the donkey.

The offspring of the female donkey and the male horse is a very different animal from the mule. It is called the Hinney or Jennet. It neighs like the horse, never brays like the donkey or mule, and is more like the horse in general build. It is smaller than the mule. It is found to some extent in Spain and elsewhere.

7. Cattle.

There are four principal species of wild cattle in the world, inhabitating respectively North America, Europe, Southern Africa, and Southern Asia. They all belong to the genus Bos.

The American wild cattle were called buffaloes, or bisons. They once lived in vast herds from Maine to the Rocky Mountains, but now exist only in park preserves or in the domesticated state.

The European bison (aurochs) was once plentiful, but only a few survive at the present time in Russian preserves.

The Asiatic species of wild cattle has long been domesticated in India. It is the "water buffalo" of the Philippines. It is still found wild in the jungle.

The African or Cape buffalo has never been domesticated. It is a savage animal-large, powerful, and fearless. It has horns like bayonets. It is more feared by the natives than the lion.

The ancestor of the domesticated ox is not well known. But it is generally believed to be the European bison (aurochs). It is probable that man hunted cattle as wild animals for a long time before he domesticated them.

The American bison loves the grassy plains; the European, the forest; while the Asiatic and African species haunt the swamps and waters. The domesticated ox, therefore, was originally a forest animal; and it is still rather fond of roaming in the woods.

"BAYONET OF THE WILD OX"

The ox was formerly used extensively as a draft animal. But at the present time cattle are domesticated chiefly for their milk and flesh. The horse might be developed into a milk-producing animal, if the time should come when man should cease to be a flesh-eating animal.

Mulies are a hornless breed of cattle that have been developed by man. Wild cattle need horns.

Horns are their weapons of defense. But weapons of defense are useless in human pastures and barns, where no enemies exist.

8. Sheep and Goats.

Sheep and goats are mountaineers. They are found in most continents, usually in high, inaccessible mountain regions. They are inhabitants of the sky. They have been driven up into these regions of the sky by the murderous mouths of the wolves and bears. Up in this world of crags

and cold they can leap from rock to rock and live where the wolf and bear cannot come.

The wild ancestors of domesticated sheep and goats were not Americans, but Asiatics. Asia was the cradle of man and of human civilization. It was in Asia that man first acquired the intelligence to domesticate his fellow beings. And this fact accounts for the long list of domesticated animals hailing from Asia. In Asia, man for a long time carried on exclusively the domesticating business.

Most breeds of domesticated sheep have been developed during the last few hundred years.

The goat is an animal which has been developed in the hard conditions of high mountains. That is where it was manufactured. Its ancestors lived on almost anything they could pick up. This fact accounts for the ability of the domesticated goat to subsist on nearly anything it can find. The goat is a product of the barren peaks.

Sheep and goats have never been selected for their intelligence, but for their hair and milk. Hence they have remained at a low stage of mentality. While domesticated sheep have finer fleeces, they probably have poorer brains, than their wild ancestors.

9. Swine.

The domesticated pig is a descendant of the wild boar of Europe, Asia Minor, and North Africa. It readily returns to the wild state. So-called "wild pigs" are found in many lands and on many of the islands of the world. They are pigs that have escaped from domestication.

Wild hogs live in small droves, and are very loyal to each other. You might think to see hogs eat that they have very little regard for each other -they are so indelicate and selfish and self-centered. But you let one of them get into trouble and send out the alarm-squeal, and the whole pack will fly to its defense with bristles up and uttering the most terrifying war-whoops. They will risk

their very lives to help each other in distress. Wild hogs live largely on roots, which they dig with their short, powerful nose, or snout.

The domesticated swine of China and the East have probably been derived from the wild boar of India, a different species from the European wild boar.

The ears of wild hogs stand up, like the ears of all other wild animals, except the elephant. The wilted ear is a product of domestication.

10. The Reindeer.

The word reindeer is not formed from the Enlish words rein and deer. "Reindeer" means "pasture deer." The word is derived from the word deer and the word rein, a Lapp word meaning "pasturage."

The reindeer inhabits all three of the continents of the northern hemisphere. The American reindeer, which differs slightly from the reindeer of the eastern hemisphere, is known as the caribou.

The reindeer is domesticated by the Siberians and Lapdlanders, to whom it gives milk, flesh, and draft service. A prosperous herd of reindeer has of late years been brought over by the United States government and established in Alaska. The reindeer can attain a speed of 10 miles an hour, 100 miles a day, hitched to a sledge.

In summer the reindeer lives on the twigs of trees, especially of the birch and willow. In winter it feeds on the so-called "reindeer moss," a