clay pigeons or glass balls, since the community has grown too civilized to let him kill real birds.

The hunting and fighting instincts combine to furnish the fascination which atrocity has for many minds even yet. Why do newspapers teem with accounts of murders and blood-lettings of various kinds? Because people like to read about them. Why do we like to read about such things? Because our ancestors were beasts of prey. The thirst for blood is very old-one of the oldest cravings of our nature. And this is why it is so slow in passing away-because it is so deep-seated and fundamental.

If the hunting instinct is not exercised, it soon dies out. And if the sympathetic instinct is cultivated by pets and by moral teaching, the individual will in time lose his desire to kill. He will come to derive greater pleasure from the care and study of wild beings than he will from taking their lives. In the majority of higher men today the instinct of sympathy is strong enough under all ordinary circumstances to keep down the hunting and fighting instincts. By practice this becomes a habit. In thousands of men and women the fighting instinct never gets beyond a momentary feeling of anger, with some slight threats or slight agitations of the body. The instinct exists, but is not strong enough to break thru the better instincts and send the individual charging on a mission of death and destruction.

Many communities have already passed laws

forbidding the grosser exercises of the hunting and killing instincts. And more such laws may be expected just as fast as men grow more enlightened. The slower footed members of a community are thus kept in check by the more enlightened members. So-called "trap-shooting," which consists in the massacre of birds thrown from a trap, is now forbidden by law in the more advanced states. One of the things that is going to brand us as barbarians, in the eyes of the future, is the indifference we show toward hunting for pleasure. Any one who wants to do so can arm himself and go out into the fields and shoot down birds and other inoffensive creatures, merely to satisfy this old savage instinct, and there is only an occasional feeble protest against it. Hunting for pastime is nothing but murder. And it should be forbidden by strict laws.

As time passes, the instinct of sympathy and humanity will grow stronger, and will become more and more dominant in human nature, and the vestigial savage instincts will grow correspondingly feebler. The hunter, who kills for pastime, is a connecting link between the savage, who hunts for a living, and the civilized man, who does not hunt at all. The hunter, like the warrior, will finally pass away forever.

10. The Tribal Instinct.

Savages live in tribes. The prevailing relation of one tribe to another is that of war. The moral

feelings and ideas of the savage are, therefore, purely tribal in their extent. The members of his tribe are to the savage for the most part his kinspeople. They are the beings with whom he has lived all his life, and they are to him the only real and important beings in the world. All others are enemies, to be attacked, robbed, deceived, murdered, eaten, or enslaved, as he chooses or is able to do.

There is always a tendency in us to think of the members of our own crowd as more real and important than other beings, and to consider our part of the world as the center and hub of the universe. This is especially true of simple-minded people. The bigger and broader we are the less inclined we are to be that way.

I lived once for three weeks with a family in a rather remote part of southwestern Alabama, about thirty miles from Mobile. These people thought that Mobile was the most important, if not the largest, city in the world. It was the only city they had ever seen and the only one they knew anything much about. One evening, in the course of conversation, I inquired the population of Mobile. No one knew exactly. But the mother thought that she had read somewhere that it was about a million. Later when I told them that Chicago had more people in it than Mobile and Birminghani and Montgomery and all the rest of Alabama taken together, and extended as far as the distance from where we were to Mobile, and

was something like forty times the size of Mobile, they fairly gasped with astonishment.

The Spanish people are said to read only Spanish newspapers and books, and to have very shadowy and imperfect notions of other peoples. They look to Madrid as the center of the world, and regard other peoples as inferior to themselves.

We Americans are somewhat the same way. We look with a kind of pity on the other nations of the earth, many of whom are recognized by everybody but ourselves to be in reality superior to us. I remember at the time of our World's Fair in Chicago of reading an article in a Belgian paper written by the Belgian representative at the fair, in which it was mentioned as a curious fact that Americans generally have the idea that they are superior to other peoples.

The narrowness and bigotry which have in all ages characterized the feelings and understandings of men, including the hostility existing in the international relations of even the highest societies of men today and showing itself in war and preparations for war, are merely the survivals in a more or less enlarged state of the tribal feelings of original men.

The ancient Greeks divided mankind into two classes: Greeks and "barbarians." The Greeks were the inhabitants of Greece, and the "barbarians" occupied the less centrally-located remainder of the world. The earth was supposed to be shield-shaped, with Mt. Olympus in Thessaly in its

exact center. This mountain, which is 9,700 feet high, was believed by the Greeks to be the highest mountain in the world. On top of this mountain the Greek gods were supposed to live. The Greeks believed that they were the descendants and favorites of the gods, and that the "barbarians" were mere nobodies intended to serve as conveniences to the Greeks.

The ancient Romans also considered all nonRomans as "barbarians"—including the Greeks. Many of the so-called "barbarians" were superior to the Romans, but they were always treated by the Romans with contempt. The "barbarians" were the "agricultural implements" of the Romans, and the butchers who killed each other for the pastime of the Romans on Roman holidays. A Roman could take the life of his "barbarian" slave as freely as we today kill cows.

Moral feeling has developed very greatly during the period of human history. Men today include within the range of their moral obligations many thousand times more human beings than the lowest known men do. This moral expansion has been brought about by the improved means of travel and communication, by railroads, telegraphs, telephones, and newspapers, and by the growth of the sympathetic imagination. When people get to mixing with other peoples, they find out that other peoples are very similar to themselves. They are in this way led to put them-