and speed, the cow for her muscles and milk, the pig for its "bacon," fowls for their eggs and feathers, the dog for hunting and companionship, the bee for its sweets, the canary for its song, and the goldfish for its grace and beauty.

Most domesticated animals have been greatly changed, both in body and mind, during the period of their domestication. These changes have been made in order to fit the animals more perfectly to human needs. And these changes are destined to continue to go on thru the ages to come. The mammoth apple and potato have come from wild ancestors so small and tasteless that our luxurious palates would today regard them with disdain. We wouldn't likely eat the wild potato in the condition it was in when the Indians began to cultivate it. We have too many other things that are better. But the Indians ate it because their sources of nourishment at that time were very few.

The great changes in domesticated animals (and plants) have been brought about by Selection, that is, by the long and incessant choosing of the more suitable for breeding purposes. Farmers select the best corn and the largest potatoes to be used for planting. And in the same way they select for breeding purposes the sheep with the longest and finest wool, and the best-laying hens. The domestic chicken is a bird; and in the wild state it lays a nestful of eggs in the spring and hatches them, and then lays no more till the next

spring, like other birds. But by selecting for breeding purposes those hens that had a tendency to lay more eggs man has developed breeds that now lay eggs the year around.

In the same way cows have been developed to give milk for a year or two after the birth of a calf, altho naturally, in the wild cows, milk is produced for only a short time after the calf is born and serves as food for the calf until it is able to get its own food. By repeated emphasis of any peculiarity, either of mind or body, it can be developed in time to an extent almost without limit. It has been by this simple method of selection that "green roses" have in these later times been produced, and the spineless cactus, and seedless grapes, apples, oranges, bananas, and pineapples. This process is called Artificial Selection, because it is carried on by man.

Science teaches us that it has been thru a similar process of selection carried on by nature and extending thru millions of years that all of the different species of animals and plants existing on the earth have originated. The first animals were the lowest, and from these, thru Natural Selection, operating thruout immeasurable periods of time, have arisen all the higher animals, including man.

3. The Dog.

The dog is probably the oldest of human associates. It was domesticated by man at a very

remote time, long before history, probably before England was an island, and when the long-haired elephants, called mammoths, still roamed the plains of Europe.

The dog was probably domesticated first as a pet, and later developed into kinds suitable for use in hunting, herding, burden-bearing and the

"THE DOG IS A CIVILIZED
WOLF"

like. All savages have dogs. The dog was the chief domesticated animal of the American Indians. Pictures of the grey-hound are found on some of the pyramids of Egypt, showing that this particular breed of dogs had been already developed even in that far off time.

The dog is a civilized wolf. Darwin thinks that dogs have come from several species of wolves domesticated at different times in different parts of the world.

There are at least 175 different varieties of the domesticated dog. There are as great differences in intelligence and civilization among the different races of dogs as there are among the different races of men. The collies (sheep-dogs) and St. Bernards are among the most advanced of the

canine races. The Eskimo dogs, on the other hand, are little more than wolves in harness. They look like wolves, they have the wild nature of wolves, their ears stand up straight like those of wolves, and their vocal utterances are more like those of wolves than like the bark of ordinary dogs. Wild dogs generally howl when they have anything to say, while the domesticated dogs bark.

The Scotch highlands would be useless for sheep-raising if it were not for the collie. The collie is a Scotch dog, and is used extensively in Scotland to help in handling the sheep, because it is cheaper than men. A dog will work for its board, but a man will not.

The St. Bernards are large, beautiful dogs, with wonderful eyes and faces. They belong chiefly to the monks of Alpine monasteries. They are famous for their service in saving human life. One of these dogs died some years ago wearing a medal for having saved 22 human lives. All St. Bernard dogs were once destroyed by an avalanche, except three.

The bull-dog is noted for its massive jaws and great will. It was probably developed in early times to aid in handling cattle, especially the less ruly bulls. Man must have had a pretty hard time, before he invented fences, in handling his cattle, which were then much wilder and much harder to manage than now. And he probably developed this breed of dogs with big strong bodies, powerful jaws and will, and fearless natures, to

help him manage his half-wild herds. The fact that the bull-dog, when it has anything to do with cattle, goes to their head and tries to get hold of their nose and pull them down, seems to bear out this theory. The collie tends to go to the rear and drive, rather than in front to head off. The bulldog is passing away, because its purpose has been served.

The bull-terrier is a degenerate of the bull-dog. Its use as a household pet and companion is not a compliment to human taste. It is not to be compared with the fox-terrier in sprightliness, beauty, or intelligence.

The turn-spit has short legs and a small body, and was common in kitchens before the introduction of modern machinery. It was the motor of the tread-mill. Man was pretty short on power before he hitched up steam and electricity, and so he developed the turn-spit to do odd jobs for him in the kitchen, just as he developed the hound to catch things for him that were too fleet-footed for him to catch.

Pointers and setters have been developed in the last 150 or 200 years. The pointing practice is probably the exaggerated pause of the dog before springing. When a dog comes upon anything suddenly, it always pauses a moment for inspection before going on. By selecting for breeding purposes those dogs that paused the longest, a kind of dog has been developed that doesn't go on at all, but stands perfectly still when it finds some