ferent kinds of coal were formed. Hard coal is different from soft coal because it has had different experiences.

We used to believe that mountains and river valleys had always existed just as we find them. But you know better since you studied physiography. You know that river valleys have been filed out by the rivers that flow thru them. And you know that mountains have been lifted up and sculptured by weathering and erosion into the forms of today. And it is the same way with human nature. It has grown to be what it is. And in this sub-course I want to teach you something about the origin of some of the instincts that are found in our natures.

Many of the most powerful tendencies in the natures of higher peoples are vestigial. They are tendencies which were useful in the earlier and more primitive ages of the world, but which, owing to changed conditions, are no longer useful. They persist as parts of our nature in accordance with the same laws of survival which perpetuate the vermiform appendix, the ear muscles, and other useless parts of the human body. Darwin says that man has in his body about eighty different parts that are vestigial-eighty different parts that are of no use whatever. And it is very certain that there is a much larger proportion of our natures that is vestigial than of our bodies. We have a great deal of lumber in our bodies, but much more in our minds and natures.

Some one has said that "civilization wears a train." It does. And it is a very long one. It is composed of the ideas, beliefs, and institutions which have served men in the past, but which are today out of date and useless, but which we go on tolerating because we are not energetic enough to get rid of them. The world ought really to get out a new edition of itself every little while, leaving out the things that are useless and untrue and inserting new material that has come to it from the higher points of view.

Human nature is like everything else it slowly changes. It is not the same today that it was a thousand years ago; and it is not the same today that it will be a thousand years in the future. We live in a universe where everything is flowing. Human nature, like everything else, slowly changes. But at any particular time human nature, like the human body and like human civilization, consists largely of parts which ought to have been abandoned long ago, but which survive because of our inability to revise ourselves and bring ourselves up to date. We are not entirely of the present. Much of us has come from the past and really belongs to the past.

It is exceedingly important that these survivals should be understood. It is still more important that they should be recognized beyond question as being illegitimate. The first five lessons of this Book form a series intended to teach these things.

The first lesson on "The Origin of Domesticat

ed Animals" teaches that all domesticated animals have come from wild animals. It teaches also something about the world in which these wild ancestors of domesticated animals lived, and the kind of lives they led.

The second lesson on "Wild Survivals in Domesticated Animals" shows that a great deal of the wild ancestral nature still survives in domesticated animals—that, while domesticated animals have changed their surroundings, their natures are in many ways not changed.

The third lesson on "The Origin of Higher Peoples" shows that the higher races of human beings have also come from wild men called savages, just as domesticated animals have come from wild animals. This lesson tells also something of the natures of savages and the kind of world they live in, what they do, and the like.

Then, lessons four and five on "Savage Survivals in Higher Peoples" show that many traits of the natures of wild men still survive in all high

er men.

2. Instincts.

An instinct is a natural tendency in a living being to do a thing in a certain way which has not been learned by experience. Instincts are inborn. We bring them into the world with us. Birds fly north in the spring, and south in the fall, in obedience to an urge or tendency in their natures to do so. They have not learned to do these things.

This tendency was born with them. It is a part of their nature. The mother bird and the mother cow and the mother human being are not taught to love their young. It is an instinct, one of the most beautiful in all the gray world of animal life.

I wonder if you have ever come upon the wild partridge with her young ones out in the forest and seen those little balls of down scatter like chaff at the warning cry of the mother. When they are no more than a day old and scarcely able to toddle, these little apologies of living beings will disperse at the distress signal of the mother as promptly and expertly as if they had practiced it for years, creeping under leaves and squatting in little hollows of the ground and lying there as still as stones, and looking so much like the dead leaves that it is almost impossible to find them, even tho one knows in a general way just where they are. These little souls were not taught to do this. They brought the instinct with them when they came out of the egg-along with their backbone, their downy covering, and their craving for food.

Instincts are useful. They take the place of reason and experience. Different species have different sets of instincts, but the members of the same species commonly have the same instincts. The nature of any species of animal is made up largely of the instincts or tendencies which it possesses and which urge it to put forth its energies in certain definite directions. The nature of

each species of animal is composed of a different bundle of instincts. Human nature is the name we give to the set of inclinations which we find in our own species. Fox nature is the name of the bundle of instincts found in foxes, and horse nature is composed of the urges and instincts which cause horses to do the things they do.

Fundamentally the natures of all the higher animals, including man, are much alike, just as the bodily structures of all the higher animals, including man, are fundamentally similar. All the higher animals have backbones, and ribs, and fourchambered hearts, and two lungs, and two pairs of limbs containing the same bones, and heads with eyes, ears, nose, and mouth occupying the same relative positions. And in the same way all the higher animals, including man, have natures prompting them to be anxious about their young, to be fond of their mates, to seek food when they are hungry, and to do their level best to live as long as they can. The dog, the cat, the robin, and the man, altho in many ways very different from each other in their natures, are nevertheless all alike in their eagerness to live and in their invariable preference of pleasure to pain.

3. Habits.

And

Habit has been called "second nature." this is a very good name for it. Habit is truly second nature. Our first nature is the one we bring into the world with us. It consists of the inclina